Real parrots
Real parrots | ||||||||
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Scarlet Macaw ( Ara macao ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||
Psittacidae | ||||||||
Illiger , 1811 |
The real parrots ( family Psittacidae) comprise most of the species of parrots ( order Psittaciformes). Usually all species are included in this family except for cockatoos . Recently, the New Zealand parrots have also been separated from the actual parrots as the Strigopidae family .
features
Actual parrots lack the pop-up hood that is characteristic of cockatoos. However, a number of parrots are able to set up their neck feathers. The color of the plumage varies greatly and ranges from plain, matt brown parrots to parrots that are very colorful. Many species have green, red, yellow and blue plumage. All real parrots have in common that they have the so-called "Dyck texture". This is a structural element of the spring branches, on which incident sunlight breaks. Powder down, on the other hand, is only available in rudimentary form or is completely absent. It also lacks the gallbladder and the carotid arteries are very simply built.
A number of species exhibit sexual dimorphism . In many species, however, it is only weakly pronounced. Usually only the females breed. Most of the species are cave breeders.
Systematics
According to Winkler, the real parrots together with the cockatoos (Cacatuidae) and the New Zealand Strigopidae form the order of the parrots (Psittaciformes). They are divided into seven subfamilies, three of which are in turn divided into tribes . Basal in the actual parrots is a clade from the arini (Arinae) and the Gray Parrot and poicephalus (subfamily Psittacinae) and the Vasa Parrots ( Coracopsis ) together with the New Guinea bristle head ( Psittrichas fulgidus ) a clade all other parrots as a sister group confronts .
The systematic position of the actual parrots and their internal system is illustrated by the following cladogram :
Parrots (Psittaciformes) |
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In the following, the systematics of the actual parrots according to Winkler is reproduced.
- Family True Parrots (Psittacidae)
- Subfamily Psittacinae
- African gray parrot ( Psittacus )
- Long-winged parrots ( Poicephalus )
- Subfamily New World Parrots (Arinae)
- Yellow-bellied Amazon ( Alipiopsitta )
- Amazon Parrots ( Amazona )
- Blue Macaws ( Anodorhynchus )
- Real macaws ( macaw )
- Macaws ( Aratinga )
- Big- nosed Parakeets ( Bolborhynchus )
- Narrow-nosed Parakeets ( Brotogeris )
- † Carolina Parakeet ( Conuropsis )
- Rock Parakeet ( Cyanoliseus )
- Spix's Macaw ( Cyanopsitta )
- Parrot compartments ( Deroptyus )
- Gray-billed Macaw ( Diopsittaca )
- Long-billed Parakeets ( Enicognathus )
- Sparrow Parrots ( Forpus )
- Short-tailed parrot ( Graydidascalus )
- Golden Parakeet ( Guaruba )
- Hapalopsittaca
- Brush Parakeet ( Leptosittaca )
-
Myiopsitta
- Lynx Parakeet ( Myiopsitta luchsi )
- Black Parakeet ( Myiopsitta monachus )
- Nanday Parakeet ( Nandayus )
- Nannopsittaca
- Yellow-eared parrot ( Ognorhynchus )
- Red-bellied Macaw ( Orthopsittaca )
- Ornamental parrots ( Pionopsitta )
- White-bellied Parrots ( Pionites )
- Red-tipped Parrots ( Pionus )
-
Little Macaw ( Primolius )
- Golden- naped Macaw ( Primolius auricollis )
- Mountain Macaw ( Primolius couloni )
- Red-backed Macaw ( Primolius maracana )
- Psilopsiagon
- Pyrilia
- Red-tailed Parakeets ( Pyrrhura )
-
Rhynchopsitta
- Macaw Parakeet ( Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha )
- Maron end parakeet ( Rhynchopsitta terrisi )
- Red- tailed Parrots ( Touit )
- Blue-bellied Parrot ( Triclaria )
- Subfamily Psittrichasinae
- Bristle head ( Psittrichas )
- Subfamily Coracopseinae
- Vasa Parrots ( Coracopsis )
- Subfamily Platycercinae
- Platycercini tribe
- Ring Parakeets ( Barnardius )
- Running parakeets ( Cyanoramphus )
-
Horn parakeets ( Eunymphicus )
- Horn parakeet ( Eunymphicus cornutus )
- Ouve maple parakeet ( Eunymphicus uvaeensis )
- Swallow Parakeet (
- Blutbauchsittich ( Northiella )
- Flat-tailed Parakeets ( Platycercus )
- Masked Parakeets ( Prosopeia )
- Singing Parakeets ( Psephotus )
- Parakeet cap ( Purpureicephalus )
- Platycercini tribe
- Tribe Pezoporini
- Grass Parakeets ( Neophema )
- Bourke's Parakeet ( Neopsephotus )
- Parakeets ( Pezoporus )
- Subfamily Psittacinae
- Subfamily Psittacellinae
- Bonding Parakeets ( Psittacella )
- Subfamily Loriinae
- Tribe Loris (Loriini)
- Bright Lorikeet ( Chalcopsitta )
- Zierloris ( Charmosyna )
-
Red Loris ( Eos )
- Amboina red lory ( Eos bornea )
- Blue-eared Lorikeet ( Eos cyanogenia )
- Diademlori ( Eos histrio )
- Blue-barred Lorikeet ( Eos reticulata )
- Halbmaskenlori ( Eos semilarvata )
- Hooded Lorikeet ( Eos squamata )
- Glossopsitta ( Glossopsitta )
- Broad-tailed Lorikeet ( Lorius )
- Neopsittacus
- Arfaclori ( oreopsittacus )
- Hermit Lorikeet ( Phigys )
- Pseudeos
- Green Lorikeet ( Psitteuteles )
- Wedge-tailed Lorikeet ( Trichoglossus )
- Maidloris ( Vini )
- Tribe Melopsittacini
- Budgie ( Melopsittacus )
- Tribe Cyclopsittini
- Cyclopsitta
- Fig Parrots ( Psittaculirostris )
- Tribe Loris (Loriini)
- Subfamily Agapornithinae
- Inseparable ( agapornis )
- Stubby tail parrot ( Bolbopsittacus )
- Bat Parrots ( Loriculus )
- Subfamily Psittaculinae
- Polytelini tribe
- King Parakeets ( Alisterus )
- Red-winged Parakeets ( Aprosmictus )
- Parakeets ( Polytelis )
- Tribe Psittaculini
- Eclectus Parrot ( Eclectus )
- Geoffroyus
- Spatula-tailed parrots ( prioniturus )
- Noble Parakeets ( Psittacula )
- Psittinus
- Tanygnathus
- Tribe Micropsittini
- Woodpecker Parrots ( Micropsitta )
- Polytelini tribe
- (For the time being) non-assignable, extinct species
- † Mauritius parrot ( Lophopsittacus mauritianus )
- † Mascarene Parrot ( Mascarinus mascarin (us) )
- † Rodrigues parrot ( Necropsittacus rodericanus )
As an alternative to this system, the Old World Parrots, with the exception of the African representatives, are also regarded as independent families (Psittaculidae) in the IOC World Bird List or all three main clades of the actual parrots are classified as independent families Psittacidae, Psittrichasiidae and Psittaculidae, within a superfamily Psittacoidea.
swell
- ^ Joseph M. Forshaw , illustrated by William T. Cooper: Australian Parrots. 1st German-language edition. Volume 1: Cockatoos and Lories. Arndt-Verlag, Bretten 2003, ISBN 978-3-9808245-1-4 . P. 248.
- ↑ a b David W. Winkler, Shawn M. Billerman, Irby J. Lovette: Bird Families of the World: A Guide to the Spectacular Diversity of Birds. Lynx Edicions, 2015, ISBN 978-84-941892-0-3 , pp. 264-267.
- ↑ a b c Leo Joseph, Alicia Toon, Erin E. Schirtzinger, Timothy F. Wright, Richard Schodde: A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). In: Zootaxa. Volume 3205, 2012, pp. 26-40, ISSN 1175-5326 ( PDF file ).
- ^ African & New World Parrots and Old World Parrots in the IOC World Bird List