Legal time

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The legal time , official time , official time or official time is the time scale prescribed by law to indicate the time in daily life. It is also called civil time to differentiate between special time scales, for example used in astronomy, navigation or other sciences. The international launch of the time zones in the late 19th century made it a legal time to the time zone in the country or the part of the country is belonging zone time to choose. As a result, the Central European countries introduced Central European Time (CET = UTC +1) as their legal time. This was later followed by some Western European countries, for which, due to their geographical location, Western European Time (UTC ± 0) is actually appropriate.

In many countries in the temperate zones, the governments are authorized, within a certain period of time, which roughly includes the summer half-year, to prescribe summer time as the legal time, i.e. a time scale that is one hour ahead of the time scale normally used as legal time . The zone time originally used all year round is then only the legal time in the winter half-year. In Germany, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is empowered by Section 5 of the Unit and Time Act to provide, for example, from 1 March to 31 October of each year. B. to align the time counting with that of the neighboring countries, in deviation from the standard time CET = UTC + 1, the Central European Summer Time CEST = UTC + 2 to be prescribed as the legal time.

Historical overview

The introduction of rules applicable to larger areas timescales for daily life goes back to the 19th century, when primarily due to the expansion of railway networks in the hitherto customary local times be replaced by a common, centrally captured and distributed timescale had. The official calibration and surveying system of the states was responsible for the time in addition to the measures and weights .

Initially, the official time was distributed locally by acoustic (such as clock strike , cannon signals) or optical ( time ball, etc.) ( time comparison , technically: dissemination ), later by portable, highly accurate calibrated clocks for nationwide clock comparison . Then one increasingly used telegraphy or the telephone ( time announcement ). In 1870 there were more than 400 railroad companies in the USA, which used a total of more than 75 different railroad times . In France, around 1880, every city had its own local time based on the position of the sun. In 1884, at an international meridian conference in Washington with delegates from 25 countries, a binding universal time (standard time) was introduced (at that time Greenwich Mean Time GMT), as it is still used today. It replaced the previously country-specific reference points, and time zones were created based on this. This made the zone times official times. Radio- controlled time signals have existed since the 1900s ( time signal transmitters , initially primarily for maritime shipping, then also for air traffic; see the historical development of radio time transmission ); Time signals were then also transmitted on radio and television. It was not until 1911 that France joined the universal time standard of 1884.

Until the 1960s, universal time (UT) was defined by the rotation of the earth and was determined by astronomical measurements. Because of their irregularities due to the fluctuations in the rotation of the earth, atomic clocks were used in the 1960s . Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) has been in use since 1972 ; it is implemented by atomic clocks, but is occasionally adjusted to the universal time (UT) based on the rotation of the earth by leap seconds . The national official time standards contribute to the determination of the international UTC time scale . Since the 1980s, the official time signal has also been distributed over the Internet ( time server via ntp ). GPS has also been the common time distribution since the 2000s . To this day, determining the statutory time is a sovereign task of the states.

List of official times

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ZS official time scale
institution Time institutes and other relevant organizations
NZ official standard time - sorted by UTC ± ## (for more details, see the list of zone times )
SZ seasonal time changes (for more details see summer time )
§§ Legal basis
since Validity of the official time since
swell more important time services and sources of the time signal (NTP)
Historical (sorted according to the original introduction of an official time)
country ZS institution NZ SZ §§ since swell Historical
worldwide UTC Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) UTC + 0 Standard: ITU-R TF.460-6 1972 Meridian Conference 1884 : GMT , 1928: UT
China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China People's Republic of China UTC (NTSC) National Time Service Center (NTSC) CST (UTC + 8, etc. ) ? 1949 BPM (transmitter Xi'an) 1912 five time zones ; under construction: Beidou Time System (BDT)
GermanyGermany Germany UTC (PTB) Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) CET (UTC + 1) * Unit and time law 1978 (2008) DCF77 ( Mainflingen transmitter ) ;
Tel € 0180 4 100 100; ptbtime1.ptb.de 		legal time since 1893
NamibiaNamibia Namibia CAT NST (UTC + 2) Time Act 2017 1994–2017 in winter UTC + 1, in summer UTC + 2 as standard time , before 1994 and since 2017 again all year round UTC + 2
New ZealandNew Zealand New Zealand UTC (MSL) Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL) NZST (UTC + 12, etc. ) * Time Act 1974 Radio New Zealand : PIPS, Tel; msltime1.irl.cri.nz 1868 New Zealand Mean Time (NZMT, GMT + 11: 30), 1940/46 +12
AustriaAustria Austria UTC (BEV) Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying ( BEV) CET (UTC + 1) * Time counting law 1976 Tel € 0810 001503; bevtime1.metrologie.at 1910 in Vienna : University Observatory ; Urania (until 1952)
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland UTC (CH) Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS) CET (UTC + 1) * Measurement law 1980 Tel € 161; ntp.metas.ch 1848 Bern time , CET since 1894; HBG (transmitter, discontinued 2011)
€ chargeable
(NTP)in the case of time servers whose names contain a "1", there are usually one or more additional addresses; these are not explicitly listed here

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jürgen Osterhammel: The transformation of the world. A story of the 19th century. CH Beck. 2nd edition of the special edition 2016. ISBN 978-3-406-61481-1 , p. 119.
  2. ↑ Jürgen Osterhammel: The transformation of the world. A story of the 19th century. CH Beck. 2nd edition of the special edition 2016. ISBN 978-3-406-61481-1 , p. 121.
  3. ↑ T. Schildknecht, G. Beutler, W. Gurtner, M. Rothacher: Towards sub-nanosecond GPS time transfer using geodetic processing technique. In: Proc. 4th European time and frequency forum , 1990, pp. 335-346;
    P. Baeriswyl, T. Schildknecht, W. Gurtner, G. Beutler: Frequency and time transfer with geodetic GPS receivers. In: Proc . 7th European time and frequency forum. 1993, pp. 119-124.
  4. ↑ US Naval Observatory: Timekeeping of NTSC in recent years (pdf, tycho.usno.navy.mil)
  5. ↑ China Standard Time; Beijing Time (北京时间)
  6. ↑ Representation of the legal time , coordinated world time scale UTC , both Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (ptb.de).
  7. ↑ ptbtime1.ptb.de, ptbtime2.ptb.de, ptbtime3.ptb.de; Time synchronization of computers using the "Network Time Protocol" (NTP) , ptb.de.
  8. ↑ a b Time and Frequency Standards Services ( Memento of the original from May 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / msl.irl.cri.nz archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Measurement Standards Laboratory (msl.irl.cri.nz)
  9. ^ Standard Time Act 1945
  10. ↑ Time and frequency in the BEV . Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying (metrologie.at).
  11. ↑ Federal Act of January 27, 1976 on Time Counting (Time Counting Act ) , StF: Federal Law Gazette No. 78/1976 (as amended online, ris.bka );
    § 1. Representation of the units of measurement for the time of the ordinance of the Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying on the representation procedures for the legal units of measurement for time and frequency Official Journal for Metrology Double no. 3–4 / 2008 (pdf, bev.gv.at).
  12. ↑ also bevtime2.metrologie.at, time.metrologie.at
  13. ↑ by resolution of the municipal council, there was no explicit legal stipulation; Before that, the time in Vienna was mandatory in the kuk ice rink, but before 1878 the time in Prague
  14. ↑ Time and frequency , time scales , both Federal Institute for Metrology (metas.ch)
  15. ↑ Federal Law on Metrology of June 17, 2011 , SR 941.20; Summer time regulation (admin.ch)
  16. ^ A first law was rejected in 1978: Switzerland, May 28, 1978: Zeitgesetz , Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy, sudd.ch
  17. ↑ Time transmission services , Network Time Protocol (NTP) , both metas.ch
  18. ^ Directive of the Bern government council of May 18, 1894, as of June 1; all of Switzerland followed; see: Jakob Messerli: Zeitsysteme. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . January 25, 2015 , accessed June 13, 2019 .