Gewandhaus (Düren)
Gewandhaus was the wrong name for a late Gothic oriel house on the northern side of the Bongard , corner of “An der Kalle” in Düren , North Rhine-Westphalia . It was built at the end of the 15th / beginning of the 16th century.
The actual Gewandhaus stood at Altenteich ("up dem alden dyche") in what is now Weierstrasse No. 44.
The two-storey oriel house with eight axes showed a high stepped gable with two basket arch pilasters on the gable side and a tracery frieze made of sandstone above the arches . The house was already shown in the city map by Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–1677).
The right side of the bay house with the entrance - formerly a basket arched door - was added in 1715 and was a two-story residential building. In this extension, the eastern bay window of the bay house was lost (the bay house had two bay windows before 1715, see also city view of Wenzel Hollar 1634).
Although the bay house and annex were built independently of each other, both houses stood on one parcel, according to the French cadastral map with parcel number 679.
On December 15, 1904, the city of Düren bought the now run-down building for 18,500 marks and did not have it restored until 1934. During the bombing raid on July 11, 1941, only the enclosing walls remained, which then fell victim to the great bombing raid on November 16, 1944 . The house was never rebuilt.
The owners of the oriel house from 1507 to 1944
The first attested owner of the oriel house in 1507 was Johann Kiphold, who had the rights to a house "Up der Kalle" in Düren. That was the bay house mentioned.
Very often the oriel house in the later Altenteich corner of Bongard No. 14 is often incorrectly referred to as the Gewandhaus. The oriel house was not yet considered a Gewandhaus at that time. It was not until 1920 that August Schoop believed that , with a complete misunderstanding of the building stock, the topographical situation and even the few sources that he had identified, he could identify the bay window and the side wing as the guild house of the drapers .
For a better understanding of the connections, it is necessary to briefly refer to the old street names in the area of today's streets Altenteich , Weierstraße and Peschstraße since the Middle Ages as well as to the sources used. The current area of Weierstraße from Wallstraße (formerly behind the wall) to the corner of Victor-Gollancz-Straße (then Gourthsgässchen, later Philippstraße) and from there until shortly before the confluence with Steinweg was called “up dem ailden dische” in the Middle Ages. And the area from Steinweg to today's Stürtzstraße was called “up de kallen”. Since the Gewandhaus is referred to in many sources from the 15th to the 19th century as being located up dem ailden dische, the street name alone means that it cannot be identical to the oriel building that was up de kallen . Because there are many sources for the oriel house in the 16th and 17th centuries that expressly state that it is "up de kallen" .
Since the sources flow very abundantly from the first mention of the Gewandhaus in 1479 until the end of the 18th century, one can confidently and safely assume that the "Gewanthuys" (Gewandhaus) always means a building in one and the same place is. The oldest pictorial representation is the city map by Wenceslaus Hollar from 1634. Sources between 1748 and 1835 show that the Gewandhaus is up dem ailden dische , on the Altenteich (today Weierstrasse). Besides, the Gewandhaus was not a place where cloths or robes were made, but a trade fair or warehouse and a meeting place for the cloth makers' guild.
The tenants of the Gewandhaus from 1544 to around 1749.
The city of Düren had repairs carried out on the Gewandhaus in 1544 and 1546, that is, it had rented it. The next known tenant was Bernhard Lautebuch, Loutenboich, Luctenboich on June 24, 1560, who had come into the possession of the neighboring house to the west of the Gewandhaus, partly through inheritance and partly through purchase. The rent was 20 marks a year and should not be offset against every amount - probably meaning the annuity of 10 marks - that Lauterbach had to pay from the Gewandhaus. On November 1, 1589, a new tenant took over the Gewandhaus for 22 thalers a year , Heinrich Herff, who was in the tax books as Heinrich Gerve until 1605. The lease was terminated for six years. With a contract dated April 22, 1617, Cyprian Johann Thomas rented the Gewandhaus for six years for 26 common thalers at 12 Mark 4 Albus each year . The rental period began on November 30, 1617. The contract was extended to another six years on November 13, 1623. Cyprian Johann Thomas is in the tax books as the owner of the Gewandhaus up to and including 1634. How long Cyprian and the guild endured each other is not known. In any case, on March 1, 1655, Johann Peters, a citizen of Düren and fellow guild member, moved in as a new tenant.
On March 1, 1657, Adolf Vetweiß and his wife Margarete Schulß rented the house for 24 thalers a year. Some of the next tenants were, as in many cases before, guild members. You can find out their names from the aforementioned tax books. From 1668 to 1673, Peter Bein, a linen dyer by profession, lived in the Gewandhaus.
1682 to 1693 Adam Beutgen. He lived in the main building and in the rear building. From 1707 to 1737 the tenant of the Gewandhaus was the woolly spinner Peter Dedie (Dety).
Arnold Dety bought the Gewandhaus from the guild between November 13, 1742 and February 14, 1749, probably at the end of January 1749. In the first decades of the 18th century, the clothing guild got into increasing financial difficulties. On September 21, 1731, she received 100 Reichstaler from the provisional members of the Reformed Community in Jülich, and on January 23, 1740 from Hermann Leunenschloß in Düren 1000 Reichstaler. In both cases (1731), a house "up dem ailden dische" next to Mayor Friderich's robe dwelling is explicitly mentioned.
From November 13, 1742, there is still evidence of repair work on the Gewandhaus, which was paid for by the guild. Arnold Dety was already the owner at that time, because on January 31, 1749 he borrowed 200 Reichstaler from the Düren Holy Spirit House poor, for the repayment of which he pledged the house. On January 23, 1773, his widow and children encumbered the house in favor of the merchant Johann Wilhelm Nierhoff with a further 100 Reichstalers a 80 Albus, interest bearing 5%. On March 22nd, 1779, she and the children had to bear the burden of guilt: Quote: “Their dwelling, the blue dyer Gottfried Kuckertz and his wife Maria Agatha , was located on the old pond of a master carpenter on the other side of Peschgaßen (today's Günther-Peill-Straße) for 550 Reichstaler for 29 years in offset. The creditors were satisfied with the money. In the transfer contract it says among other things: On (this) dwelling (is) the garment guild is entitled to keep theirs. "
Now what is an offset? The offset of the Düren law is a form of loan similar to the Cologne Wetschatz: The owner of an undeveloped or developed property gave it to another for an agreed number of years for exclusive use and received a one-off payment for it. After the offset years had expired, the offset giver had to repay the amount of the one-off payment to the offset taker. If this repayment was not made, the offender became the owner of the house or property.
Kuckertz lived with his wife and children in the Gewandhaus until 1804 or 1805 and then moved to the small house next door or in the back. In 1804 or 1805 Johann Peter Daniels and his family moved into the Gewandhaus; he was almost certainly only a tenant and not an owner. As the owner of the entire property with the former parcel no. 244 is Geofrod Kuckartz in the French cadastre from 1810. His name has been crossed out and replaced by that of a new owner: Reiner Mirbach, Boulanger a Duren. In 1860 the parcel no. 244 of the French cadastre was converted into two new parcel numbers : No. 143 for the part facing the Altenteich, No. 144 for the part of the property behind it in Peschstrasse. Both parcels, 143 and 144, were combined in the new corridor 53 to form parcel 135 after the Second World War and the property was given the house number Weierstrasse 44. At that time, the owner was Hubert Josef Ganser in Mariaweiler . From 1882 to 1912, the Jansen siblings "Specialties and Manufactory Goods Dealer" or "Colonial and Manufactured Goods Dealership" are listed as owners in the Düren address books and in the route plan.
In the “building book of the municipality of Düren” of the cadastral office since 1910 under the roll number 563 as owner (parcel 143: 111 m², parcel 144: 75 m²). 1910 a Vollenstuck (? Name illegible), Karl, locksmith, wife Josefa geb. Janser, and four siblings. 1922: Janser, Wilhelm, retired in Mariaweiler, and Esser, Heinrich, secondary school teacher, wife Josefine, b. Jansen in Düsseldorf- Oberkassel , each ½. - 1927 Breschinsky, Bernhard, businessman, and his wife Emilie b. Orenstein. 1935: Albert, Gustav, senior, engraver , and his wife Viktoria born. Helzel at ½ each. 1955: Albert, Rudolf, Kaufmann, and Albert, Josef Kaufmann, Zehnthofstraße 6 in Düren. According to the address book from 1932/33, the owner Breschinsky lived in the house, which at that time also housed a shoe and leather shop under the company H. Wertheim & Co. Probably after the change of ownership, Gustav Albert sen. in it a shop for "crystal, glass, porcelain" (address book 1936/37), which was destroyed in an air raid in the first hours of July 11, 1941, as was the houses at Weierstrasse 68-70 on the same side of the street. On the site of the Gewandhaus, the brothers Josef and Rudolf Albert built today's house at Weierstrasse 44 in 1956/57. The Albert family is the owner of the house to this day.
Literature and Sources
- Dürener Geschichtsblätter No. 73, Düren 1984, Verlag des Dürener Geschichtsverein e. V.
- Tax books of the City and District Archives (STA) Düren from 1641, 1644, 1657, 1663–1707
- STA Düren, guild book and rental agreements, church books of the Annapfarre,
- STA Düren War Diary, LD No. 7 1941
Coordinates: 50 ° 48 ′ 1 ″ N , 6 ° 28 ′ 51.9 ″ E