Giustizia e Libertà

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Italian flag with emblem of the Giustizia e Libertà group

Giustizia e Libertà [dʒuˈstittsja e liberˈta] (German: Justice and Freedom ), also GL , was an Italian resistance movement against fascism .

Emergence

The anti-fascist resistance movement Giustizia e Libertà was founded in Paris in 1929 by Carlo Rosselli , Emilio Lussu and Alberto Tarchiani . A weekly paper that expressed the political stance was also published under the same name. In Italy groups were formed that represented the goals of Giustizia e Libertà and were in contact with the Paris center.

persecution

Through infiltrated informants and provocateurs , the political police, who report to the Italian Ministry of the Interior, were always well informed about all plans and activities. The Paris center was closely monitored. Carlo Rosselli was often out and about; at every meeting or conference there was at least one informant among the audience. Giustizia e Libertà was suppressed and persecuted by the fascist regime with extraordinary severity. All groups in Italy were gradually infiltrated and disbanded. The first trial took place in May 1931 before the Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello stato after the activities of the Milanese group had been betrayed. A month later, three regional representatives of the movement for Sardinia and Florence were on trial. The groups in Rome and Trieste were exposed in 1932; the accused were exiled to remote islands. GL representatives in Piedmont were arrested in 1934 and 1935. There were isolated further trials up to 1940. The offenses were: membership of the anti-fascist organization Giustizia e Libertà ; Production and distribution of leaflets and pamphlets ; Correspondence with the center in Paris ; Recruitment of volunteers in Spain (during the Spanish Civil War ); Article writing for Giustizia e Libertà .

Assassination of Carlo Rosselli

Carlo Rosselli, who had been monitored by both the French Sûreté and a dense network of fascist informants since his arrival in Paris , was ambushed with his brother Nello in Bagnoles-de-l'Orne ( Normandy ) on the evening of June 9, 1937 lured and murdered by agents of the Cagoule . The 1945 trial against the client and the executor revealed the close ties between the Italian Foreign Ministry, the military intelligence service and the Cagoule, as well as the existing consensus to eliminate a particularly dangerous anti-fascist. Rosselli's death was a severe blow to Giustizia e Libertà . Finally, World War II put an end to all activity. Former representatives and supporters of Giustizia e Libertà joined the action party founded in 1942 .

literature

  • Adriano Dal Pont, Alfonso Leonetti et al .: Aula IV. Tutti i processi del tribunale speciale fascista , Milano 1976 (La Pietra)
  • Adriano Dal Pont, Simonetta Carolini: L'Italia al confino 1926-1943. Le ordinanze di assegnazione al confino emesse dalle Commissioni provinciali dal novembre 1926 al luglio 1943 (4 volumes), Milano 1983 (La Pietra)
  • Mimmo Franzinelli: Il Delitto Rosselli. 9 giugno 1937 - anatomia di un omicidio politico , Milano 2007 (Mondadori)
  • Mario Giovana: Giustizia e Libertà in Italia. Storia di una cospirazione antifascista (1929-1937) , Torino 2005 (Bollati Boringhieri)
  • Jens Petersen : "Giustizia e Libertà" and Germany. In: Jens Petersen: Italy pictures - Germany pictures. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 192-211.
  • Ernesto Rossi: Una spia del regime. Carlo Del Re e la provocazione contro Giustizia e Libertà , Torino 2000 (Bollati Boringhieri)
  • Massimo (Max) Salvadori: Resistance ed azione. Ricordi di un liberale , Foggia 1990 (Bastogi)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ see, for example, the double play by Carlo Del Re, who surrendered the Milan group to the police, in: Ernesto Rossi, Una spia del regime. Carlo Del Re e la provocazione contro Giustizia e Libertà , Torino 2000 (Bollati Boringhieri)
  2. ↑ Mimmo Franzinelli: Il delitto Rosselli. 9 giugno 1937 - Anatomia di un omicidio politico , Milano 2007 (Mondadori), p. 45
  3. ↑ The sentence was twice 20 years, twice 10 years, once 6 years imprisonment. Another defendant, Umberto Ceva, was driven to suicide before the trial. - See judgment of May 30, 1931 against Riccardo Bauer, Ernesto Rossi , Vincenzo Calace, Bernardino Roberto, Giordano Viezzoli in: Adriano Dal Pont, Alfonso Leonetti et al .: Aula IV. Tutti i processi del tribunale fascista , Milano 1976 (La Pietra), p. 190
  4. ↑ See judgment of June 27, 1931 against Francesco Fancello (10 years imprisonment), Cesare Pintus (10 years imprisonment), Nello Traquandi (7 years imprisonment), in: ibid., Pp. 195–196
  5. ^ Judgment of the Confino Commission in Rome of September 19, 1932 against Ottavio Abbati , Plinio Baldazzi, Aristide Ciccotti, Igino De Santis, Dante Gianotti, Ferdinando Giuliani, Ferdinando Narducci, Fratti Rosa and Massimo (Max) Salvadori (3–5 years in exile ), in: Adriano Dal Pont, Simonetta Carolini: L'Italia al confino 1926-1943. Le ordinanze di assegnazione al confino emesse dalle Commissioni provinciali dal November 1926 al luglio 1943 , Milano 1983 (La Pietra), Vol. IV, pp. 1377-1378
  6. ^ Judgment of the Confino Commission in Trieste of December 10th and 19th, 1932 against Umberto Greatti, Alberto Paulin, Rodolfo Ciargo, Luigi Duchiè, Mario Maovaz, Giovanni Woditzka (3–5 years exile), in: ibid., Vol. II , Pp. 588-589
  7. ↑ See judgment of November 6, 1934 against Sion Segre (3 years imprisonment) and Leone Ginzburg (4 years imprisonment), in: Adriano Dal Pont, Alfonso Leonetti et al .: Aula IV. Tutti i processi del tribunale fascista , Milano 1976 (La Pietra), pp. 268-269; Judgment of February 28, 1936 against Vittorio Foa , Michele Giua (15 years imprisonment each) and 8 co-defendants, in: ibid., P. 302; Judgment of the Confino Commission in Rome of July 15, 1935 against Remo Garosci, Alberto Levi, Carlo Levi , Bruno Maffi, Giulio Muggia and Cesare Pavese (3 years), in: Adriano Dal Pont, Simonetta Carolini: L'Italia al confino 1926 -1943. Le ordinanze di assegnazione al confino emesse dalle Commissioni provinciali dal novembre 1926 al luglio 1943 , Milano 1983 (La Pietra), vol. IV, p. 1387
  8. ↑ See e.g. B. ibid., Vol. I, pp. 100, 117, 216, 277, 291; Vol. III, pp. 1074-1076, 1110; Vol. IV, p. 1411
  9. ↑ Mimmo Franzinelli: Il delitto Rosselli. 9 giugno 1937 - anatomia di un omicidio politico , Milano 2007 (Mondadori), p. 24
  10. ↑ ibid., P. 102.
  11. ↑ ibid., P. 85.