Jens Petersen (historian)

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Jens Petersen (also Jean Petersen ; born August 13, 1934 in Rendsburg ) is a German historian . The specialist in contemporary Italian history was a long-time employee and deputy director of the German Historical Institute (DHI) in Rome . Petersen's analysis of the development of the “ Berlin – Rome axis ”, published in 1973, is still considered fundamental. In addition, he published numerous articles on various aspects of Italian history in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially the German view of Italy during this period and Italian fascism .

Life

Petersen studied history, art history, German literature and architecture at the Universities of Kiel, Hanover, Basel and Rome. After taking the first state examination in 1963 and the second state examination in 1967 and starting school in Hamburg , from 1967 to 1971 he was an assistant at the history seminar at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel . Petersen received his doctorate there in 1971 with Karl Dietrich Erdmann , after starting his project in 1963.

Petersen began his work at the German Historical Institute in Rome in 1971 as a consultant for contemporary history, succeeding Rudolf Lill . According to Michael Matheus , he expanded this newly established focus “with a variety of initiatives”. Petersen founded the press review Storia e Critica - "Italian contemporary history in the mirror of the daily and weekly press" - which he published every quarter from 1979 to 1999 and provided information on "current trends and topics" in Italian contemporary historical research. According to Christof Dipper, this information service, which was "entirely connected to the person" of Petersen and his "apparently unlimited workforce", was an "indispensable publication" of its time, about the intellectual and historical opinion battles of the Italian elites, which were mainly carried out in newspapers outside of Italy.

Together with Wolfgang Schieder , Petersen founded the Working Group for the Recent History of Italy in 1974 , which promotes contemporary historical research initiatives, has organized conferences every two years since 1978 and disseminates the three times a year journal Bibliographische Informations / Informazioni Bibliografiche , which Petersen initiated in 1974 and published until 1999 . The working group also maintains the Italy in Modern Series . In his work at the institute, Petersen focused not only on researching fascism but also on the post-war period .

In 1988 he became deputy director of the DHI Rome and as such was the main contact for contemporary historians working there, who perceived the institute through Petersen, as Michael Matheus describes it. According to Lutz Klinkhammer , Petersen's commitment to the institute for German-speaking Italian research bore “rich fruits”. In 1995 Petersen was awarded the Premio Montecchio di Studi Italo-Tedeschi . He retired four years later. In 2005 Petersen took part in two more conferences, later health reasons prevented him from taking part in the historical discourse.

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Petersen mainly published dependent writings on a variety of topics from the 19th and 20th centuries, above all on Italian fascism , the "permanent focus of his interest", and on the German view of Italy.

The dissertation on the development of the "Berlin-Rome axis"

Petersen's dissertation published in 1973 is considered "still fundamental". Before the Italian archives were opened, Petersen meticulously reconstructed the origins of the "Berlin - Rome axis" between Hitler and Mussolini, saturated with sources . Petersen incorporated additional Italian material for the Italian-language edition published in 1975. Petersen proved, among other things, that Mussolini had already used the term axis in the early 1920s in foreign policy contexts. He was also able to prove that the first meeting between Hitler and Mussolini in Venice in July 1934 "was by no means [so inharmonious and] as inconclusive as previously assumed". In contrast to historians such as Renzo De Felice , Petersen considered the rapprochement between the two regimes to be "almost inevitable". The experts had a positive overall opinion of the book: Andreas Hillgruber described Petersen's book as “a work that goes far beyond the scope of even very good dissertations” and impresses with both the “sovereign presentation of the state of research” and the “dense source of security”, Similar to Manfred Funke , Günther Wollenstein, Wolfgang Schieder and Stephen C. Azzi, however, criticized that the author had let himself be guided more by the trend of fascism research than his own analysis in his final judgment on the affinity between fascism and National Socialism. The book can be read “as exciting as a detective novel”, according to Der Tagesspiegel , which is partly due to the “lively and precise presentation”. Hans Woller described Petersen's dissertation in 2010 as a “brilliant study”, Lutz Klinkhammer in 2009 as a “milestone” that received “much attention”.

Further scientific work

Even after completing his dissertation, Petersen remained thematically committed to the foreign policy of fascist Italy: while it was being written and long after its completion, Petersen published essays on special aspects of this subject area in anthologies and in specialist journals such as history in science and teaching and quarterly issues for contemporary history . In 1975 Petersen published essays on the voter base of early Italian fascism and the emergence of the concept of totalitarianism in Italy. In the latter work, Petersen was able to show that Mussolini had adopted the term stato totalitario used in the regime's self- portrayal from anti-fascist critics: According to Petersen, it was the liberal Giovanni Amendola who first appeared in an article in the newspaper Il mondo on May 12, 1923 used the term; This thesis has long been the consensus of research, while in 2018 Uwe Backes and Günther Heydemann identified the Catholic politician Luigi Sturzo as the word creator. In an article published in 1976, Petersen confirmed Franz Borkenau's thesis that fascism had accelerated the industrialization process in Italy. This was followed by works by Petersen on violence in early Italian fascism and translations of popular historical interviews by the Mussolini biographer Renzo De Felice and the ex-partisan and communist politician Giorgio Amendola into German: On the dissemination of De Felice's theses, which made the Italian public polemical in 1975 Having sparked the debate and also received by Anglo-American historians, Petersen also contributed by publishing an article. In 1983, at a conference in Munich jointly organized by the German Historical Institute in Rome and the Institute for Contemporary History , attended by Sergio Romano , Roberto Vivarelli , Adrian Lyttelton and Wolfgang Schieder , in an introductory synthesis of “Problems and Research Trends” He explained, among other things, how research had worked out that the regime's takeover of power in October 1922 during the March on Rome and the laws to consolidate the dictatorship through "fundamental compromises" in January 1925 came about the monarchy, the army and the navy, big industry, the bureaucracy, the judiciary and the Catholic Church participated as fiancheggiatori ; In this context, Petersen used the concept of checks and balances , which is actually used for democratic systems and which has since been ascribed to him as a characterization of the rule structure of the fascist regime.

From the 1980s onwards, Petersen also dealt with the previous epoch of the Risorgimento : Essentially, he wrote essays on the history of German perception, for example on the German view of the unification of Italy as a nation-state (1982) or on the autodidactic historian Alfred von Reumont, who lived in Italy (1986 ). In another essay, Petersen analyzed the urban and political development of Rome as the capital of the nation state after the annexation in 1870/71. In addition, Petersen worked with a lasting interest in Italian fascism: he wrote essays on youth and youth protest in fascist Italy , on the option in South Tyrol 1938–1940 and on the organization of German propaganda in Italy 1939–1943 .

From the end of the 1980s, Petersen also published on the final phase of fascism in Italy 1943–45, which was marked by civil war, on post-war history and the current situation in Italy. Petersen worked again on the history of German-Italian entanglement by examining the German reaction to Mussolini's fall on July 25, 1943 in an article published in 1985. In two essays on the Italian history of the biennium, on the summer of 1943 (1988) and on the place of resistance in the past and present (1992), he brought the theses Ruggero Zangrandis and Claudio Pavone closer to a German readership . In addition, he produced works on the relationship between the Italian historian Delio Cantimori and Germany (1993), the Mafia (1994), the German-speaking image of Italy after 1945 (1995) and the Italian national consciousness after 1945 (1991). Wolfgang Schieder called Petersen's 1989 overview of the history of the so-called 'First Republic' the only one of the three German-language general presentations that existed at the time that was “fully convincing because of its systematic approach and its socio-historical orientation.” Petersen's overview article on Die Historically important archives in Italy were considered by Malte König 2018 to be “still worth reading”. In 1993 Petersen published the Italian-language files of the conference held in May of the previous year in Würzburg on the topic of German-Italian migration in the 20th century, to which he provided an introduction and to which he wrote an essay on mutual perception with their stereotypes and prejudices and enemy images.

At the same time, Petersen continued to deal with the Risorgimento from a perceptual-historical perspective: In 1991, on the 100th anniversary of the death of the German-Roman Ferdinand Gregorovius , the German Historical Institute organized a conference on his work in the Italian context: Petersen participated with a lecture on the image of contemporary Italy in its wandering years . In the conference proceedings published jointly with the then director of the institute, Arnold Esch , he also edited some of Gregorovius' essays that had appeared in the Allgemeine Zeitung at the time . As a result of the dispute with Gregorovius, Esch and Petersen organized a more general conference on the German perception of Italy in the 19th century under the title Deutsches Ottocento borrowed from Rudolf Borchardt in the early summer of 1998 . "The thesis of Robert Michels that practically all of Germany had stayed away from the cradle of the young Italian idea", as the editors stated in the introduction to the anthology, "is untenable in this forcefulness". Petersen contributed with an essay on the politics and culture of Italy in the mirror of the German press at the time, in which he expressed, among other things, the desire to research the political image of Italy by the Germans between 1848 and 1870.

Petersen's book Quo vadis, Italia? Lutz Klinkhammer characterized 2010 as an “both timely and brilliant analysis” of the recent Italian past. Petersen writes in particular about the mutual relationship and mutual perception of Germans and Italians, about the national consciousness of Italians and about the mafia; further chapters are devoted to the so-called southern Italian question, national debt and the events that led to the collapse of the old party system and the end of the so-called First Republic in the early 1990s (see also Tangentopoli and Mani pulite ). Petersen also deals with the political success of the Lega Nord Umberto Bossis , the Alleanza Nazionale Gianfranco Finis and the Forza Italia Silvio Berlusconis as well as the relationship between Italy and Europe. According to Zeit editor Hansjakob Stehle, the author draws an impartial picture of the “apparently revolutionary crisis” of Italy at the time “without any scientific ballast” and cites “impressive Italian testimonies for the widespread feeling of a loss of national identity”. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung gave a similarly positive assessment : The book testifies to “analytical sharpness”, has been “thoroughly researched” and contains “brilliantly written structural chapters”. Petersen closed his book with the rather pessimistic assessment "of another German-Roman, Ferdinand von Gregorovius, who wrote in 1860 that Italy could not remain as it was, but would also not be as it should be."

In 1997 Petersen published numerous reviews in the institute's journal Sources and Research from Italian Archives and Libraries , an essay on the situation of the mass media in Silvio Berlusconi's Italy , in which he also received the media criticism of numerous philosophers, and a short article on the subject of the Holocaust and Goldhagen - Debate in Italy . In 1998 Petersen provided an Italian version of Rosario Romeo's essay Das Risorgimento in the more recent historiographical discussion , which was published in the Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento .

Most of Petersen's works on the German-Italian history of perception appeared in 1999 in bundled form in a monographic collection. Eva-Maria Magel found in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung that Petersen tried to put together "a mosaic of various historical sources" in these detailed studies and thereby uncovered new aspects, but had "often moved between marginalia and generalizations". Analysis sometimes takes a back seat to Petersen's narrative style.

Petersen regularly reviewed new publications in the field of Italian history of the 19th and 20th centuries for the historical magazine . In the 1990s and early 2000s he wrote several articles on contemporary history and politics in Italy for the feature sections of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung : For example, he reported critically on the state of the Italian newspaper industry and the rise of Berlusconi. In addition, Petersen has written several articles for Zibaldone since the 1990s , for example on the relationship between state and church in Italy or on the subject of Germany – Italy: a fertile and exciting neighborhood .

In 2001, the now-retired historian involved with an essay on Italy in search of his identity at the Arnold Esch on his 65th birthday devoted Liber Amicorum about Italia et Germania , 2002, he participated in the study week of the Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento with a contribution about the image of Germany and Italy in the self-reception of the other after 1945. In 2005 Petersen published an analysis of crime and political violence in Fascist Italy . In an article published in 2006, Petersen reported extensively in Italian on contemporary historical research at the German Historical Institute. In 2007 his introduction to Sergio Romano's letter to a Jewish friend appeared .

Judgments of the professional world

In 1999, Frank-Rutger Hausmann , Christof Dipper and Schieder described Petersen as one of the “best experts” of modern Italy. According to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of May 11, 1989, Petersen was “the most attentive German observer of contemporary historical and political debates and research in Italy for years.” Petersen, according to the newspaper on another occasion, wrote “also for the layman, perhaps even for the Travelers ”. Klinkhammer described his predecessor as a "great Italian connoisseur". In 1985 Ernst Nolte attested Petersen “familiar knowledge” of Italian fascism. Petra Terhoeven attributed the noticeable upswing in German Italian research in 2010 to the influence of the working group that Petersen co-founded and, in his decades of preoccupation with current topics such as the Mezzogiorno or the mafia, referred to Petersen as an exception among German historians. For the literary scholar Deborah Holmes, Petersen was a “meticulous chronicler” of the German-Italian relationship from 1840 to 1870. According to Filippo Focardi , Petersen's work on the mutual perception and self-reception of Germany and Italy after the Second World War is of “central importance”.

Fonts

Monographs

  • Hitler, Mussolini: The emergence of the Berlin - Rome axis 1933–1936 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 43). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1973, ISBN 3-484-80064-X (also dissertation, University of Kiel, 1971. Italian edition: Hitler e Mussolini, la difficile alleanza [= Storia e società ]. Laterza, Rome, Bari 1975).
  • Quo vadis, Italia? A state in crisis (= Beck series. Volume 1108). CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39208-3 (Italian edition: Quo vadis Italia? Translated by Gerhard Kuck. Laterza, Rom et al. 1996, ISBN 88-420-4875-5 ).
  • Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). Edited by his friends. SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 .

Editorships

  • with Arnold Esch : History and historiography in the culture of Italy and Germany. Scientific colloquium on the 100th anniversary of the German Historical Institute in Rome, 24. – 25. May 1988 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 71). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, ISBN 3-484-82071-3 .
  • with Arnold Esch: Ferdinand Gregorovius and Italy. A critical appreciation (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 78). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1993, ISBN 3-484-82078-0 .
  • L'emigrazione tra Italia e Germania (= Società e cultura. Volume 2). Lacaita, Manduria, Bari, Rome 1993, OCLC 36143480 .
  • with Wolfgang Schieder : Fascism and Society in Italy. State - Economy - Culture (= Italy in modern times. Volume 2). SH, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-89498-021-4 .
  • with Christof Dipper , Rainer Hudemann : Fascism and Fascisms in Comparison. Wolfgang Schieder on his 60th birthday (= Italy in the modern age. Volume 3). SH, Vierow near Greifswald 1998, ISBN 3-89498-045-1 .
  • with Arnold Esch: German Ottocento. The German perception of Italy in the Risorgimento (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 94). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-484-82094-2 .

Translations

  • Giorgio Amendola : Antifascism in Italy. An interview by Piero Melograni. With an afterword by Jens Petersen. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1977.
  • Renzo De Felice : Fascism. An interview by Michael A. Leeden. With an afterword by Jens Petersen. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1977.

more comments

Web links

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Erich Fröschl (Ed.): February 1934. Causes, facts, consequences. Verlag der Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Vienna 1984, p. 559; Josef Becker, Klaus Hildebrand (ed.): International relations in the world economic crisis 1929–1933 (= writings of the philosophical faculties of the University of Augsburg. Volume 18). Vögel, Munich 1980, p. 444.
  2. ↑ Jens Petersen: The work of the DHI Rome in the field of recent history. In: Reinhard Elze , Arnold Esch (ed.): The German Historical Institute in Rome 1888–1988 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 70). Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1990, ISBN 3-484-82070-5 , pp. 211-237, here p. 226.
  3. ↑ Historical yearbook . Volume 95, 1975, p. 307.
  4. ↑ Jens Petersen: The work of the DHI Rome in the field of recent history. In: Reinhard Elze and Arnold Esch (eds.): The German Historical Institute in Rome 1888–1988 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 70). Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 1990, pp. 211-237, here p. 226.
  5. ↑ Jiří Pešek, Nina Lohmann: The German Historical Institute in Rome in conversation I: Director Prof. Dr. Michael Matheus. In: Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Studia Territorialia. Volume 11, 2011, No. 3–4, pp. 105–138, here p. 115 (PDF) ; Storia e Critica in: DHI-Roma.it .
  6. ↑ Christof Dipper: Dialogue and Transfer as Scientific Practice. The Working Group for the Recent History of Italy. In: Gian Enrico Rusconi, Thomas Schlemmer , Hans Woller (eds.): Creeping alienation? Germany and Italy after the fall of the wall. Oldenbourg, Munich 2009, pp. 103-114, here pp. 103 f. and 106.
  7. ↑ Werner Daum: The modern history of Italy on the Internet. In: Risorgimento.info , last updated on January 1, 2016. See also Institute History , Bibliographical Information on the Recent History of Italy and Storia e Critica in: DHI-Roma.it .
  8. ↑ Michael Matheus: The reopening of the German Historical Institute in 1953 in Rome. Transalpine actors between union and nation. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Hrsg.): The return of German history to the “ecumenism of historians”. A science-historical approach. Oldenbourg, Munich 2008, pp. 91–113, here p. 113 (PDF) .
  9. ↑ Jiří Pešek, Nina Lohmann: The German Historical Institute in Rome in conversation I: Director Prof. Dr. Michael Matheus. In: Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Studia Territorialia. Volume 11, 2011, No. 3–4, pp. 105–138, here pp. 115 and 117 (PDF) .
  10. ^ A b Lutz Klinkhammer: Contemporary history research excellence and contemporary perceptual disorders. In: Gian Enrico Rusconi, Thomas Schlemmer, Hans Woller (eds.): Creeping alienation? Germany and Italy after the fall of the wall. Oldenbourg, Munich 2009, pp. 93-102, here p. 94 .
  11. ↑ Christof Dipper, Wolfgang Schieder: To this selection. In: Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 7-8, here p. 7.
  12. ↑ Malte König: The "axis" in war. Politics, ideology and warfare 1939–1945. April 13, 2005– April 15, 2005. In: H-Soz-Kult , July 6, 2005. Accessed May 9, 2019; Announcement of the German-Italian Symposium: “The Italian Media Democracy. On the history of political stagings and staged politics in the media age ” at the Italy Center of the University of Stuttgart, 23. – 24. June 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  13. ↑ Petra Terhoeven: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Italy, Views. New perspectives on Italian history in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, pp. 7–21, here p. 9, fn. 6.
  14. ↑ Christof Dipper, Wolfgang Schieder: To this selection. In this. (Ed.): Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 7-8, here p. 7.
  15. ↑ See for example Jens Petersen: The Italian Adel from 1861 to 1946. In: Hans-Ulrich Wehler (Hrsg.): European Adel 1750–1950. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1990, pp. 243-260; on the other hand: continuity and repression. Art of Italian Fascism after 1945. In: Hans-Jörg Czech , Nikola Doll (Ed.): Art and Propaganda in the Strife of Nations 1930–1945. Sandstein, Dresden 2007, pp. 444-449. Further dependent writings of Petersen can be found in Hans Woller : History of Italy in the 20th Century. CH Beck, Munich 2010, p. 466 , and ders .: Mussolini: The first fascist. 2nd, corrected edition. CH Beck, Munich 2016, p. 386 .
  16. ↑ Lutz Klinkhammer, Amadeo O. Guerazzi, Thomas Schlemmer: The war of the "axis" - for an introduction. In this. (Ed.): The "axis" in the war. Politics, ideology and warfare 1939–1945 (= War in History. Volume 64). Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2010, pp. 11–31, here p. 11.
  17. ↑ See also the review by Günther Wollenstein in: Military history reports . Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1974, pp. 251-253, here p. 251.
  18. ^ Andreas Hillgruber: [Review of Petersen: Hitler-Mussolini]. In: Historical magazine . Volume 219, 1974, pp. 695-698.
  19. ^ Lájos Kerekes: Review. In: Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Volume 21, 1975, No. 1/2, pp. 214-216; Alan JP Taylor : Review. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. Vol. 52, 1974, No. 3, pp. 703-705 (online) ; Wolfgang Schieder: Adolf Hitler - Mussolini's political apprentice sorcerer. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2017, p. 90 .
  20. ↑ Wolfgang Schieder: The Hitler-Mussolini Alliance. Drives and tensions of the fascist alliance. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 5, 1974, p. 10 (quote from ibid.); Günther Wollenstein: Review. In: Military history messages . Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1974, pp. 251-253, here p. 252; Hans W. Gatzke: Review. In: The American Historical Review. Volume 79, Issue 3, June 1974, p. 79 (digitized version) .
  21. ↑ Jens Petersen: Hitler, Mussolini: The emergence of the axis Berlin - Rome 1933-1936 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 43). Niemeyer, Tübingen 1973, ISBN 3-484-80064-X , p. 502.
  22. ↑ In addition to the Hillgruber review cited below, so is the basic tenor of Hans W. Gatzke: Review. In: The American Historical Review. Volume 79, Issue 3, June 1974, p. 79 (digitized version) ; Wolfgang Schieder: The Hitler-Mussolini Alliance. Drives and tensions of the fascist alliance. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 5, 1974, p. 10; Günther Wollenstein: Review. In: Military history messages . Volume 15, Issue 1, June 1974, pp. 251-253, and [ER]: Review. In: Studi Storici . Volume 15, Issue 1, January – March 1974, p. 222.
  23. ↑ Manfred Funke: "The Axis" - Desire and Reality. Mockery of the Teutons. Was the alliance between Hitler and Mussolini inevitable? In: Die Zeit , January 11, 1974; Stephen Corrado Azzi: The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy. In: The Historical Journal. Volume 36, Issue 1, March 1993, pp. 187-203, here p. 200.
  24. ^ Andreas Hillgruber: [Review of Petersen: Hitler-Mussolini]. In: Historical magazine . Volume 219, 1974, pp. 695-698.
  25. ↑ Der Tagesspiegel , July 12, 1984 [1974?], Quoted after the book presentation ( Memento from December 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) at De Gruyter .
  26. ^ Hans Woller: History of Italy in the 20th century. CH Beck, Munich 2010, p. 104.
  27. ↑ See the publications Jens Petersen: Germany and Italy in the summer of 1935. The change of the Italian ambassador in Berlin. In: History in Science and Education. Volume 20, 1969, pp. 330-341; ders .: Italy in Hitler's foreign policy concept. In: Knut Jürgensen, Reimer Hansen (Ed.): Historical-political Streiflichter. Historical contributions to the present. Wachholtz, Neumünster 1971, pp. 206-220; ders .: Social system, ideology and interest in the foreign policy of fascist Italy. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries . Volume 54, 1974, pp. 428-470 (PDF) ; ders .: The foreign policy of fascist Italy as a historiographical problem. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . Volume 22, 1974, pp. 417-457 (PDF) ; ders .: Prelude to “Steel Pact” and the War Alliance. The German-Italian cultural agreement of November 23, 1938. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Volume 36, 1988, pp. 41-77 (PDF) ; ders .: The hour of the decision. Fascist Italy between Mediterranean empire and neutralist decline. In: Helmut Altrichter, Josef Becker (Hrsg.): Outbreak of war in 1939. Participants, victims, neutrals. CH Beck, Munich 1989, pp. 131-152; ders .: The foreign policy of Italy from the founding of the state to the present. In: New Political Literature . Volume 38, 1993, pp. 73-80.
  28. ^ Jens Petersen: Elettorato e base sociale del fascismo italiano negli anni venti. In: Studi Storici. Volume 16, No. 3, July-September 1975, pp. 627-669. See also Jens Petersen: Voter behavior and social basis of fascism in Italy between 1919 and 1928. In: Wolfgang Schieder (Hrsg.): Fascism as a social movement. 2nd edition, Göttingen 1983, pp. 119–156.
  29. ^ Jens Petersen: La nascita del concetto di Stato totalitario in Italia. In: Annali dell ' Istituto storico italo-germanico di Trento. Volume 1, 1975, pp. 143-168; ders .: The origin of the concept of totalitarianism in Italy. In: Manfred Funke (Ed.): Totalitarismus. A study reader for the power analysis of modern dictatorships. Düsseldorf 1978, pp. 105-128. Reprinted in: Eckhard Jesse (Hrsg.): Totalitarismus im 20. Jahrhundert. A balance sheet of international research. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 1999, ISBN 3-7890-5954-4 , pp. 95–117. See also Hans Meier: "Totalitarianism" and political religions. Concepts of dictatorship comparison. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Volume 43, 1995, pp. 387-405 ( PDF ), here p. 392; Clemens Vollnhals: The concept of totalitarianism in transition. In: From Politics and Contemporary History . Volume 39, 2006 ( online ).
  30. ↑ Uwe Backes, Günther Heydemann: Introduction by the editors. In: Luigi Sturzo: About Italian fascism and totalitarianism. Edited by Uwe Backes and Günther Heydemann, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2018, pp. 7–49, here p. 24.
  31. ↑ Jens Petersen: Fascism and Industry in Italy 1919–1929. In: Society. Contributions to Marx's theory. Volume 7, 1976, pp. 133-177.
  32. ↑ Jens Petersen: The Problem of Violence in Italian Fascism, 1919–1925. In: Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Georg Hirschfeld (ed.): Social protest, violence, terror. Use of violence by political and social marginalized groups in the 19th and 20th centuries (= publications by the German Historical Institute, London. Volume 10). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1982, pp. 325-349 (Italian: Il problema della violenza nel fascismo italiano. In: Storia contemporanea , Volume 13 (1982), pp. 985-1008). See also Jens Petersen: Crime and Political Violence in Fascist Italy. A German look at an Italian problem. In: Michael Matheus, Sigrid Schmitt (ed.): Crime and society in the late Middle Ages and modern times (= Mainz lectures. Volume 8). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 119-134 (online, accessed April 9, 2019) .
  33. ^ Giorgio Amendola: Antifascism in Italy. An interview by Piero Melograni. With an afterword by Jens Petersen. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1977; Renzo De Felice: Fascism. An interview by Michael A. Leeden. With an afterword by Jens Petersen. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1977.
  34. ↑ Jens Petersen: Fascism as a past. Dispute between historians in Italy and Germany. In: Walter H. Pehle (Ed.): The historical place of National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main 1990, pp. 135-154.
  35. ↑ Jens Petersen: Presentation. In: Italian fascism. Problems and Research Trends. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1983, pp. 13-43.
  36. ↑ Jens Petersen: Presentation. In: Italian fascism. Problems and Research Trends. Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1983, pp. 13–43, here p. 25. See also Ernst Nolte's review in: Historische Zeitschrift . Volume 240, Issue 2, April 1985, pp. 469-471, here p. 470; Gerulf Hirt: Review of: Schieder, Wolfgang: Myth Mussolini. Germans in audience with the Duce. In: H-Soz-Kult , August 2, 2013.
  37. ↑ Jens Petersen: Risorgimento and the Italian unitary state in the judgment of Germany after 1860. In: Historische Zeitschrift . Volume 234, 1982, pp. 63-99.
  38. ^ Jens Petersen: Alfred von Reumont and Italy. In: Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 9–34 (first published in: Zeitschrift des Aachener Geschichtsverein 1986).
  39. ↑ Jens Petersen: Rome as the capital of the united Italy 1870-1914. Political and urban aspects. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 64, 1984, pp. 261-283 ( digitized version ).
  40. ^ Jens Petersen: Youth and Youth Protest in Fascist Italy. In: Dieter Dowe (Ed.): Youth and Generation Conflict in Europe in the 20th Century. Germany, England, France and Italy in comparison. Bonn 1986, pp. 199-208.
  41. ↑ Jens Petersen: Germany, Italy and South Tyrol 1938–1940. In: Klaus Eisterer, Rolf Steininger (Ed.): The option. South Tyrol between fascism and national socialism (= Innsbruck research on contemporary history. Volume 5). Innsbruck 1989, ISBN = 3-85218-059-7, pp. 127-150.
  42. ↑ Jens Petersen: The organization of German propaganda in Italy 1939-1943. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 70, 1990, pp. 513-555.
  43. ↑ See also Jens Petersen: Italy after fascism. A society between post-national identity and European integration. In: From Politics and Contemporary History . Volume 39, 1988, pp. 12-23.
  44. ↑ Jens Petersen: Germany and the collapse of fascism in Italy in the summer of 1943. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen , Heft 1 (1985), pp. 51-69.
  45. ↑ Jens Petersen: The place of resistance in the past and present. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 72, 1992, pp. 550-571 (PDF) ; ders .: Summer 1943. In: Hans Woller (Ed.): Italy and the Great Powers 1943–1949 (= series of the quarterly journals for contemporary history. Volume 57). Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, pp. 23-48.
  46. ^ Jens Petersen: Cantimori e la Germania. In: Studi Storici. Volume 34, Issue 4, 1993, pp. 819-825.
  47. ↑ Jens Petersen: Past and present of the Mafia as a problem of research. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 74, 1994, pp. 605-645 (PDF) .
  48. ↑ Jens Petersen: The German-speaking Italy picture after 1945. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries . Volume 76, 1996, pp. 455-495 (digitized version ) .
  49. ^ Jens Petersen: Changes in the Italian national consciousness after 1945. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 71, 1991, pp. 699-748 (PDF) .
  50. ^ Jens Petersen: Italy as a Republic (1946–1987). In: Michael Seidlmayer : History of Italy. From the collapse of the Roman Empire to the First World War (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 341). 2nd, expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-34102-6 , pp. 499-550.
  51. ↑ See also Rudolf Lill: History of Italy in the Modern Age. 4th, revised edition, Darmstadt 1988; Friederike Hausmann : A brief history of Italy from 1943 to the era after Berlusconi. 7th, updated and expanded new edition, Wagenbach, Berlin 2006.
  52. ^ Wolfgang Schieder: Italy in the contemporary historical research of Germany. In: New Political Literature . Volume 38, 1993, pp. 373-391, here p. 375.
  53. ↑ Jens Petersen: The Historically Important Archives in Italy: An Overview. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 69, 1989, pp. 312-378 (PDF) ; Malte König: Italy. In: Clio Guide. A handbook on digital resources for the historical sciences (= Historical Forum. Volume 23). 2nd, expanded and updated edition, Berlin 2018.
  54. ↑ Jens Petersen: Introduzione. In: ders. (Ed.): L'emigrazione tra Italia e Germania (= Società e cultura. Volume 2). Lacaita, Manduria, Bari, Rome 1993, OCLC 36143480 , pp. 5-10, here p. 5; ders .: Italia-Germania: percezione, stereotipi, pregiudizi, immagini d'inimicizia. In: Ibid., Pp. 199-220.
  55. ^ Arnold Esch, Jens Petersen: Foreword. In: Arnold Esch, Jens Petersen (ed.): Ferdinand Gregorovius and Italy. A critical appreciation. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1993 (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 78), p. 5; Jens Petersen: The image of contemporary Italy in Ferdinand Gregorovius' years of traveling. In: Ibid, pp. 73-96; ders .: Ferdinand Gregorovius as an employee of the Augsburger "Allgemeine Zeitung". Selected text examples. In: Ibid., Pp. 253-285.
  56. ^ Arnold Esch, Jens Petersen: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): German Ottocento. The German perception of Italy in the Risorgimento (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 94). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-484-82094-2 , pp. VII-IX, quotation from p. IX; Jens Petersen: Politics and culture of Italy in the mirror of the German press. In: Ibid, pp. 1–17, here in particular p. 13.
  57. ^ Lutz Klinkhammer: The new "anti-fascism" of Gianfranco Fini. In: Petra Terhoeven (Ed.): Italy, Views. New perspectives on Italian history in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, pp. 257–280, here p. 257 .
  58. ^ Quo vadis, Italia? A state in crisis (= Beck series. Volume 1108). CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39208-3 .
  59. ^ Hansjakob Stehle: Italy in crisis. Nothing stays as it was. In: Die Zeit , September 29, 1995.
  60. ^ Rolf Wörsdörfer: Italy without Italians. The crisis has origins: a nation that is belated. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. April 6, 1995, p. 8.
  61. ↑ Christof Dipper, Wolfgang Schieder: To this selection. In this. (Ed.): Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 7-8, here p. 7.
  62. ↑ Jens Petersen: On the situation of the mass media in Italy today. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries , Volume 77, 1997, pp. 412–436 ( digitized version ); ders .: Holocaust and Goldhagen debate in Italy. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries , Volume 77, 1997, pp. 489–496 ( digitized version ).
  63. ↑ In 1983 Romeo gave a lecture on this subject at the third meeting of the Working Group for the Modern History of Italy in Trier . Giuseppe Talamo: Il Risorgimento Italiano. Una riflessione sull'unificazione statale nell'Ottocento: lo stato attuale del dibattito storico e politico. In: Arnold Esch, Jens Petersen (Ed.): German Ottocento. The German perception of Italy in the Risorgimento (= library of the German Historical Institute in Rome. Volume 94). Niemeyer, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-484-82094-2 , pp. 19–29, here p. 19. The article was published in German as early as 1984 (Rosario Romeo: Das Risorgimento in der neueer Historiographischen Discussion. In: Quellen und Research from Italian archives and libraries. Volume 64, 1984, pp. 345-364).
  64. ↑ Jens Petersen: Italy pictures - Germany pictures. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 .
  65. ^ Eva-Maria Magel: Review: Detours to Rome. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung No. 56, March 7, 2000, p. 10.
  66. ↑ See, for example, Petersen's review of Margrit Esternamm-Juchler: Faschistische Staatsbaukunst. In: Historical magazine. Volume 239, October 1984, p. 448.
  67. ↑ Jens Petersen: In the field of fire of pictures and advertising, it is difficult to write. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 10, 1997, p. 38; Jens Petersen: The short dream turns into a long nightmare. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , April 25, 2001, p. 65.
  68. ↑ See for example Jens Petersen: State and Church in Italy. In: Zibaldone. Magazine for contemporary Italian culture. Volume 29 (March 2000), pp. 59-67; ders .: Germany – Italy: a fertile and exciting neighborhood . In: Zibaldone. Magazine for contemporary Italian culture. Volume 16: Focus: German-Italian cultural relations (= Piper series. Volume 6016). Piper, Munich et al. 1993, ISBN 3-492-16016-6 , pp. 5-16.
  69. ↑ Jens Petersen: Italy in search of its identity. In: Hagen Keller , Werner Paravicini , Wolfgang Schieder (eds.): Italia et Germania. Liber Amicorum Arnold Esch. Max Niemeyer, Tübingen 2001, pp. 11-25.
  70. ↑ Jens Petersen: Italianisation Duetschlands? "Germanizzazione dell'Italia"? The image of the other in the respective self-reception. In: Hans Woller , Gian Enrico Rusconi (eds.): Parallel history? Germany and Italy after 1945. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2006 (= writings of the Italian-German Historical Institute in Trient , Volume 20), pp. 55–69.
  71. ↑ Jens Petersen: Crime and Political Violence in Fascist Italy. In: Sigrid Schmitt, Michael Matheus (ed.): Crime and society in the late Middle Ages and modern times (= Mainz lectures. Volume 8). Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 119-134 (online) .
  72. ↑ Jens Petersen: La ricerca storica contemporaneistica al German Historical Institute - DHI. In: Claudio Pavone (ed.): Storia d'Italia nel secolo ventesimo: strumenti e fonti. Volume 2: Istituti, musei e monumenti, bibliografia e periodici, associazioni, finanziamenti per la ricerca (= Pubblicazioni degli archivi di Stato Saggi. Volume 87), Rome 2006, pp. 189–208 (PDF) .
  73. ^ Sergio Romano: Letter to a Jewish friend. Translated from the Italian by Martina Kempter. With an introduction by Jens Petersen. Landt, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3938844076 .
  74. ^ Frank-Rutger Hausmann: Review: J. Petersen et al. (Ed.): Fascism and Society in Italy. In: H-Soz-Kult , September 8, 1999; Christof Dipper, Wolfgang Schieder: About this selection. In: Pictures of Italy - Pictures of Germany. Collected essays (= Italy in modern times. Volume 6). SH, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-89498-073-7 , pp. 7-8, here p. 7.
  75. ^ History of Italy. New edition of "Seidlmayer". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 11, 1989, p. 13.
  76. ↑ Note: Italia and Germania. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 20, 1989, p. 57.
  77. ^ Lutz Klinkhammer: Contemporary history research excellence and contemporary perceptual disorders. In: Gian Enrico Rusconi, Thomas Schlemmer, Hans Woller (eds.): Creeping alienation? Germany and Italy after the fall of the wall. Oldenbourg, Munich 2009, pp. 93-102, here p. 95 .
  78. ↑ Ernst Nolte: Review of: The Italian fascism. Problems and Research Trends. In: Historical magazine . Volume 240, Issue 2, April 1985, pp. 469-471, here p. 470.
  79. ↑ Petra Terhoeven: Introduction. In this. (Ed.): Italy, Views. New perspectives on Italian history in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, pp. 7–21, here p. 7, fn. 4 and p. 9, fn. 6.
  80. ↑ Deborah Holmes: Thoughts on the German-Italian biography in the 19th century. In: Bernhard Fetz , Hannes Schweiger (ed.): The biography. To lay the foundation of their theory. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, pp. 441–472, here p. 441.
  81. ↑ Filippo Focardi: The bad habit of comparison. The reception of fascism and national socialism in Italy and the difficulties in facing one's own past. In: Gian Enrico Rusconi, Hans Woller (Ed.): Parallel History? Italy and Germany 1945–2000. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2006, pp. 107-139, here p. 107. Focardi refers in particular to Jens Petersen: Italia-Germania: percezione, stereotipi, pregiudizi, immagini d'inimicizia. In: Jens Petersen (ed.): L'emigrazione tra Italia e Germania (= Società e cultura. Volume 2). Lacaita, Manduria, Bari, Rome 1993, OCLC 36143480 , pp. 199–220, as well as on Jens Petersen: Quo vadis, Italia? A state in crisis (= Beck series. Volume 1108). CH Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39208-3 .
  82. ^ Eva-Maria Magel: Review: Detours to Rome. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung No. 56, March 7, 2000, p. 10.
  83. ↑ Jens Petersen. In: Kroener-Verlag.de .
personal data
SURNAME Petersen, Jens
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Petersen, Jean
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian
DATE OF BIRTH August 13, 1934
PLACE OF BIRTH Rendsburg
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