Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Scheme of the glycerine-3-phosphate-DHAP shuttle. Please refer to the text for details. Abbreviations: (1) glycerol-3-phosphate; (2) dihydroxyacetone phosphate; cGPD cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; mGPD mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Cyt cytosol; IMR intermembrane space
Properties of human protein
Mass / length primary structure 685 amino acids
Cofactor FAD, Ca 2+
Isoforms 2
Identifier
Gene name GPD2
External IDs
Enzyme classification
EC, category 1.1.5.3 ,  oxidoreductase
Response type Dehydration
Substrate FAD + glycerol-3-phosphate
Products FADH 2 + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Occurrence
Homology family GDP
Parent taxon Creature

Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD]
Properties of human protein
Mass / length primary structure 348 amino acids
Secondary to quaternary structure Homodimer
Cofactor NAD
Identifier
Gene name GPD1
External IDs
Enzyme classification
EC, category 1.1.1.8 ,  oxidoreductase
Response type Hydrogenation
Substrate NADH + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Products NAD + + glycerol-3-phosphate
Occurrence
Homology family GPD [NAD + ]
Parent taxon Creature

Glycerine-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GPD) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrogenation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glycerine-3-phosphate and the reverse conversion . They occur in all living things.

The mentioned reaction is necessary in eukaryotes for the hydrogen transport from the cytosol by means of the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle into the mitochondria : In the cytosol, the hydrogen bound to NAD is released by the hydrogenating NAD + -dependent GPD ( EC  1.1.1.8 ) transferred to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and the glycerol-3-phosphate produced by this reduction diffuses through the mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrion. There the dehydrating FAD -dependent GPD is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane ( GPD2 ; EC  1.1.5.3 ) and transfers the hydrogen from the G3P to the FAD . The dihydroxyacetone phosphate formed again by this oxidation of the G3P diffuses back into the cytosol. In the mitochondrial membrane, coenzyme Q transfers the hydrogen from FADH 2 back to NAD + , with reactive oxygen species (ROS) being produced as by-products .

In addition to its function in the respiratory chain , GPD2 appears to play a role in sperm metabolism where it is not located in mitochondria. The expression of GPD2 is stimulated by T3 via the thyroid hormone receptor and is tissue-dependent.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mrácek T, Pecinová A, Vrbacký M, Drahota Z, Houstek J: High efficiency of ROS production by glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian mitochondria . In: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. . 481, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 30-6. doi : 10.1016 / j.abb.2008.10.011 . PMID 18952046 .
  2. ↑ Vrbacký M, Drahota Z, Mrácek T, et al. : Respiratory chain components involved in the glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-dependent ROS production by brown adipose tissue mitochondria . In: Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1767, No. 7, July 2007, pp. 989-97. doi : 10.1016 / j.bbabio.2007.05.002 . PMID 17560536 .
  3. ↑ Kota V, Dhople VM, Shivaji S: Tyrosine phosphoproteome of hamster spermatozoa: role of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 in sperm capacitation . In: Proteomics . 9, No. 7, April 2009, pp. 1809-26. doi : 10.1002 / pmic.200800519 . PMID 19333995 .
  4. ↑ Wulf A, Wetzel MG, Kebenko M, et al. : The role of thyroid hormone receptor DNA binding in negative thyroid hormone-mediated gene transcription . In: J. Mol. Endocrinol. . 41, No. 1, July 2008, pp. 25-34. doi : 10.1677 / JME-08-0023 . PMID 18562675 .
  5. ↑ Mrácek T, Jesina P, Kriváková P, et al. : Time-course of hormonal induction of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase biogenesis in rat liver . In: Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1726, No. 2, November 2005, pp. 217-23. doi : 10.1016 / j.bbagen.2005.06.011 . PMID 16039782 .
  6. ↑ Weitzel JM, Shiryaeva NB, Middendorff R, et al. : Testis-specific expression of rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in haploid male germ cells . In: Biol. Reprod. . 68, No. 2, February 2003, pp. 699-707. PMID 12533437 .
  7. ↑ Weitzel JM, Kutz S, Radtke C. Grott S, Seitz HJ: Hormonal regulation of multiple promoter of the rat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene: identification of a complex hormone-response element in the ubiquitous promoter B . In: Eur. J. Biochem. . 268, No. 14, July 2001, pp. 4095-103. PMID 11454004 .

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