Gnaptor spinimanus

Gnaptor spinimanus
Gnaptor spinimanus , female
Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta) Order : Beetle (Coleoptera) Family : Black beetle (Tenebrionidae) Subfamily : Tenebrioninae Genre : Gnaptor Type : Gnaptor spinimanus
Scientific name
Gnaptor spinimanus
( Pallas , 1781)

Gnaptor spinimanus is a beetle from the family of the black beetle (Tenebrionidae) and the subfamily Tenebrioninae. The genus Gnaptor is restricted to Eurasia and traditionally onlyrepresentedin Europe by the species Gnaptor spinimanus . According to recent authors, Gnaptor spinimanus is to be distinguished from the species Gnaptor boryi, which isrestricted to Greece (Peloponnese).

Note on names and synonyms

The species is first described by Pallas in 1781 under the name Tenebrio spinimanus . The species name spinimanus is derived from the Latin spīna, for thorn and mánus for hand (forefoot). Pallas notes in his description of the species tibiis primoribus spina robustissima (lat. On the feet of the front legs with a very robust thorn ).

Since males and females are very different, they were initially described as different species ( Pimelia laevigata , Pimelia glabrata , Blaps laevigata , Petrobius spinimanus ). In the course of several revisions of the genus Gnaptor , first two good species were distinguished in Europe, Gnaptor spinimanus and Gnaptor boryi (in honor of Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent ) synonymous with Gnaptor graecus , then the two species were regarded as one, the latter recently again in the two types just mentioned are broken down.

The genus name Gnaptor has been ascribed to various authors, for example by Solier the insect dealer Megerle . Fischer von Waldheim calls himself the author (Fischer), but at the same time notes that he does not know with which grammatical gender the word Gnaptor was used by Dejean , Sturm , Faldermann or Megerle. According to today's view, Brullé is the author in 1832. Brullé mentions the beetle with the name Gnaptor spinimanus in the introduction to his report on the Morea expedition with the remark that Fischer von Waldheim had rightly suggested that the beetle should be assigned to a new genus (namely Gnaptor ). In the description itself, however, Brullé chooses the name Petrobius spinimanus and notes in a footnote that the beetle is known in the collections of Paris under the generic name Gnaptor . Brullé goes on to say that, assuming that this name has since been published by Fischer von Waldheim, he used the name Gnaptor in the introduction to the book . After that, however, he found that this assumption was wrong and the name Gnaptor had not been published in the meantime, so he renamed the new genus Petrobius . However, Brullé subsequently recognized that the name Petrobius was already given in a different insect order and changed it again to Gnaptor under the corrections to his expedition report .

The word Gnáptor is from Old Gr . γνάπτειν, κνάπτειν, gnaptein more often Knaptein for walking and derived from the corresponding person performing γναπτωρ Gnaptor , the cloth walker . And the long extension on the rail of the front leg of the beetle was probably associated with the work tool of the cloth walker, the fulling bar. The invalid generic name Petrobius (from ancient Greek πετρα petra for stone and βίος bíos for habitat) alludes to the beetle's occurrence in stony, dry areas.

Description of the beetle

Fig. 1: Body outline of males (♂) and females (♀)	Fig. 2: Head side view
Fig. 3: Rail of the foreleg from above and its tip from below , on the left for the female, on the right for the male green arrow: Second spine only on the male
A. B. C. D.
Fig. 4: Mouth parts from below, A: upper jaw, B: head, C: also scheme according to Solier, red: chin, light green: lower lip, dark green: lip button, light blue: lower jaw, dark blue: jaw button D: hook at the tip of the inner drawer of the lower jaw
Fig. 5: Dotting of the various body sections (same scale); C: on the head, P: the pronotum E: the wing covers
Fig. 6: Wing cover, left ♀ tip from diagonally above, right ♂ tinted to the side : green: false epipleurs; red: real epipleurs
Fig. 7: Feeler from below, deflection under the extension of the cheek	Fig. 8: Anterior tarsus ♂ green from below : strip of felt continuously blue: only corners felty
Fig. 9: Underside of the abdomen viewed obliquely from the rear 1, ..., 5 posterior sternites synovial membranes between the 3rd and 4th and the 4th and 5th sternites	Fig. 10: Detail of the side view of the arrow pointing to the opening of the hip cavity, pink: front, yellow: middle, turquoise: rear hip, red: trochantinus, green: middle thigh, blue: wing cover

The robustly built, clumsy beetle is strongly reminiscent of the species of the genus Blaps and is 18 to 24 millimeters long. It is faintly shiny black. In cross-section, the female in particular is strongly arched. The female is also significantly more rounded than the male in outline (Fig. 1)

The head is flat and broad, it tapers roughly trapezoidal in plan view towards the front. The base of the head is cut off and shaped neck in the neck shield retracted. The head is slightly wider than it is long and densely dotted (Fig. 5 left C). The head shield is slightly concave in front. The eyes (Fig. 2) are three times as wide as they are long, barely arched and slightly kidney-shaped. The eleven-limbed antennae (Fig. 7) are as long as the pronotum, cord-shaped and only slightly thicker towards the tip, the third limb is clearly the longest, longer than the fourth and fifth combined, limbs four to seven are trapezoidal, the three penultimate links round to lens-shaped and with a brownish pubescence like the terminal link dull, the latter somewhat narrower, about as long as it is wide and ending with a pointed tip. The deflection of the feelers is covered up by an extension of the cheeks (Fig. 2, Fig. 7). The upper lip is wider than long and slightly outlined in front. The chin (red in Fig. 4 C) narrows towards the base so that the deflection of the lower jaw is visible. The lower jaws (light blue in Fig. 4 C) have an inwardly directed double-pointed horn hook at the tip of the inner drawer (Fig. 4 D). The upper jaw ends with a double point (Fig. 4 A). The lower lip (in Fig. 4 C light green) is bilobed and heart-shaped, the lip button (in Fig. 4 C dark green) is tripartite with a hatchet-shaped end member. The jaw buttons (dark blue in Fig. 4 C) are four-parted, the ax-shaped end part is curved and truncated.

The pronotum is almost flat, the front edge slightly cut out and slightly wider than the head, the rear edge cut straight and as wide as the base of the elytra. The sides are rather strongly convexly rounded in front of the middle and narrow towards the back in a straight line or slightly concave, which gives the pronotum a slightly heart-shaped appearance. The back angles are obtuse. The pronotum is almost as long as it is wide at the base, overall significantly wider than it is long. The puncture is fine and fairly even, a little flatter and a little less dense than on the head, but denser and stronger than the puncture of the elytra (Fig. 5, pronotum P). The pronotum is finely edged on the sides, the edge disappears in the front center and at the base.

The label is very small, triangular and much wider than it is long.

The elytra are collectively wider than the pronotum, in the female significantly wider and almost spherical, in the male only slightly wider and more egg-shaped. In addition to the very weak and inconspicuous puncturing, the elytra are weakly leathery and predominantly wrinkled transversely (Fig. 5 right E), more in the female than in the male. Shallow recessed longitudinal stripes can be indicated. The wing covers have wide, false epipeles (tinted green in Fig. 6 on the right) and adjoining very narrow, real epipleurs (tinted red in Fig. 6 on the right), which extend to the suture angle. The elytra are steeply sloping behind in both sexes and then horizontally together ending with a blunt point. The point is hardly visible from above in the male, but not visible in the female (Fig. 1, Fig. 6 left female from obliquely behind). The wing covers are fused together at the seam . Skin wings are missing.

The abdomen shows five visible abdomen stars . Between the third and fourth, as well as the fourth and fifth sternite of the abdomen, there is a shiny skin (Fig. 9 for better visibility of the synovial membrane from the back).

The joint cavities of the mid-hip are open at the sides (Fig. 10, white arrow). If the hip is rotated so that the legs point backwards, the trochantinus becomes visible (Fig. 10, tinted red). The legs are strong and relatively short. The legs are hollowed out like a flat channel on the underside. The inner edge of the front splint has a large finger-like spine at the end in both sexes, while the male has a much smaller second spine next to it (Fig. 3, center green arrow). In the female, the rails narrow towards the front and are hardly wider than the terminal mandrel (Fig. 3 left), in the male the rails also narrow at the beginning, but become wider again shortly before the end and are there significantly wider than the large terminal mandrel, which is significantly smaller than that of the female (Fig. 3 right). In the middle and rear pair of legs, both sexes have two medium-sized thorns at the end of the rail. The tarsi of the hind legs are four-limbed, those of the other legs five-limbed. The rear rails are not curved in the male and slightly curved in the female. The limbs of the fore tarsi have very short, dense hairs on the front edge of the underside, which form a kind of felt. In the females and also in the males of Gnaptor boryi these felt pads are limited to the front corners of all limbs of the anterior tarsi, whereas in the males of Gnaptor spinimanus the entire anterior edge of the first two limbs is tomentose (brush spot, Fig. 8, green arrows ) on the third and fourth link, the felt pads are also limited to the front corners (Fig. 8 blue arrows).

biology

The species loves warmth. The beetle can be found from early spring to summer in dry places with loose vegetation, for example in vineyards, quarries, sunny ravines and on dry forest edges. In more southern countries it can be found in grassy steppes with bushes in mountainous and stony terrain, where it crawls slowly around on a bright day, but likes to remain under protection (pholeophilic), for example under stones or under the dead leaves at the base of herbaceous plants. As a special feature, it is mentioned that a living specimen was found on snow in Hungary in December. The beetle has stink glands for its defense. It feeds on plant remains (phytodetritophag).

The larvae live under stones and in the upper layers of the earth. The development is probably two years.

distribution

As a pontomediterranean species, the beetle has its distribution center in the steppe and forest steppe areas in south-east Europe, but it can also be found in isolated, dry and warm areas in Austria , Hungary , Slovakia and two southern areas of Poland . Its occurrence declines with decreasing extensive use. To the east it can be found as far as the lower reaches of the Don . In addition to the countries mentioned, he is also registered from Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , Macedonia, Montenegro , Slovenia , Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Ukraine , Moldova , Greece and southern European Russia .

literature

• Heinz joy , Karl Wilhelm Harde , Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 8 . Teredilia Heteromera Lamellicornia . Elsevier, Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1969, ISBN 3-8274-0682-X , p. 238 .
• Klaus Koch : The Beetles of Central Europe Ecology . 1st edition. tape 2 . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1989, ISBN 3-87263-040-7 , pp. 335 .
• Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch. K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, p. 626.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Gnaptor spinimanus at FE , accessed on August 14, 2018
2. ↑ ^{a b c} I.A. Chigray, MV Nabozhenko, B. Keskin: A review of the genus Gnaptor Brullé 1832 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) with description of a new species from Turkey in Entomological Review 2015 Vol 95 No. 8, ISSN  0013-8738 at Research-Gate
3. ↑ ^{a b} Juan Carlos Martínez, Julio Ferrer, José Fermín Sánchez Gea: Rehabilitatión de Gnaptor boryi (Laporte 1840), buena especie, diferente de Gnaptor spinimanus (Pallas 1781) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Blaptini) in Bulletín de la Sociedad Aromológica SEA) n ° 49 (31/12/2011) pp. 243–246 at Research Gate
4. ↑ ^{a b} Petrus Simon Pallas: Icones insectorum praesertim Rossiae Sibiriaeque peculiarium… Erlangen 1781 p. 55 Tenebrio spinimanus and Figure Tab. C, Fig. 23
5. ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (species)
6. ^ Léon Fairmaire: Notice sur les Coléoptères récoltés by MJ Lederer… in Annales de la Société entomologique de France ser. 4, Volume 6 Paris 1866 p. 264
7. ^ Heyden, Reitter, Weise: Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Caucasi et Armeniae rossicae 2nd edition Berlin, Paskau, Caen 1906, p. 325
8. ↑ ^{a b c} Antoine Joseph Jean Solier: Essai sur les Colaptérides in Flaminio Baudi, Eugenio Truqui: Studi entomologici 1st vol, Heft 1, 2, Turin 1884 p. 278 Gnaptor spinimanus , p. 275 Gnaptor Megerle , drawing panel XII Fig. 11 and 18
9. ^ ^{A b} Fischer von Waldheim: Spicilegium Entomographiae Rossicae in Bulletin Moscou tome 17 1844 p. 69
10. ^ ^{A b} M. Brullé: Expédition scientifique de Morée Tome 3, Zoologie, 2nd Section Paris 1832 p. 16 Gnaptor in the introduction to the Google book search, p. 203 Footnote History of naming in the Google book search Correction of the naming under Errata on pages 202 and 203 in Google Book search
11. ↑ ^{a b} W.F. Erichson: Natural history of the insects of Germany 1st division Coleoptera Berlin 1877 Volume 5, part 1, 2nd delivery p. 240 Gn. spinimanus , p. 239/240 Naming Gnaptor at Brullé
12. ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names (genus)
13. ↑ HC Küster: The Beetles of Europe - described from nature, 3rd issue. Nuremberg 1845 Gnaptor spinimanus III.37
14. ^ Ludwig Redtenbacher: Fauna Austriaca - Die Käfer 3rd edition, 2nd volume, Vienna 1874 p. 84
15. ↑ B. Chyzer: A Gnaptor spinimanus Zemplénymegyében under Apróbb közlemények (small remarks) in Rovartani Lapok III. Volume, 1st issue, Budapest, January 1886 p. 44
16. ↑ E. Pavlowsky: About the structure of the stink glands of Gnaptor spinimanus Pall. (Coleoptera, Tenibrionidae) with regard to ... in Revue russe, d'Entomologie Volume 15, Petrograd 1915 p. 18
17. ↑ ^{a b} Polish species description

Web links

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