Gottfried Reiche

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Gottfried Reiche around 1726,
portrait by Elias Gottlob Haußmann
Rich name, origin, date of birth and title on an engraving by Johann Friedrich Rosbach after Haußmann's portrait, 1727
Corrected copy of the sheet of music on the portrait
Report on the death of the Reich in the chronicle of the city of Leipzig for October 6, 1734
Already the opening bars of the 1st tromba of the opening choir of BWV 215 played by Reiche demand great height, mobility in a confined space and long breath

Johann Gottfried Reiche (born February 5, 1667 in Weißenfels , † October 6, 1734 in Leipzig ) was an important trumpet virtuoso of the Baroque era and a composer of numerous, only partially preserved wind pieces.

Life

When Gottfried Reiche grew up as the son of the shoemaker Hans Reiche in Weißenfels, this town, which was characterized by handicraft and trade, already had a long urban tradition of playing the trumpet (clarin playing), in which the young musician was probably trained from around 1680 by a member of the Becker town piper family . During this time, Reiche was able to get to know not only the city music, but also the court music newly established by Johann Philipp Krieger for Duke Johann Adolf I , who moved to Weißenfels in 1680 , to which city musicians were sometimes called in.

Around 1688 Reiche went to Leipzig, where he found a job as a journeyman city piper and stayed until the end of his life. As early as 1691 he had such a great reputation there that he received an extra fee, so bißhero allowed himself to be used for clarin or trumpet in both churches in the local Orthes . Also in 1694, when public and private music-making was forbidden during the national mourning, he received separate allowances so that he would not go out of service . In 1700 he was appointed artistic violinist and in 1706 city piper. As a town piper he was better off than before; because he now had a vacant apartment, received a separate weekly allowance of 18 groschen, had higher music-making rights and was able to go beyond the actual tasks together with the other town whistles on many occasions such as doctorates, at the Leipzig trade fair , at festivals in the city, in Gardens and in the country appear and thus earn a lot. The fact that Reiche wrote a will in the presence of witnesses as early as 1713 and deposited it in the judges' room of the Leipzig City Court in 1732 suggests that he was critically ill at that time. In 1719 he was appointed senior city musician .

Reiche was a friend of Johann Sebastian Bach , who had lived in Leipzig since 1723, and participated as a soloist in the performance of numerous compositions by Bach. Whose Kurtzer; Yet the most necessary draft of a well-established church music from 23 August 1730 lists Gottfried Reiche as the player of the leading 1 trumpet . In this submission to the City Council of Leipzig, Bach explained why it was essential to continue to oblige the city ​​pipers, and thus their senior rich, for church music. Although this meant that Reiche should be used especially as a trumpet player; but it did not mean that he was considered a trumpeter . This title was reserved for the guild-like court and field trumpeters , who went through a precisely regulated training and held a much more privileged position.

Magazingasse, the former Stadtpfeifergässchen where Reiche lived and collapsed dead, around 1880

On October 5, 1734, as part of a festive evening music in the presence and in honor of the Saxon Elector and Polish King August III. under the direction of Johann Sebastian Bach and with the participation of Gottfried Reich, the cantata prices your luck, blessed Saxony ( BWV 215) performed. Reiche died the following day. The Leipzig Chronicle reported by Johann Riemer about the circumstances: Reiche was touched by a blow in the town of Pfeiffer Gäßgen, not far from his apartment , that he was knocked down and brought to his apartment dead. And this is supposed to come because the day before the king had it. Musique had a lot of strain because of the blowing , and the fox smoke was also very difficult for him .

Gottfried Reiche died unmarried and without descendants. His sister Eva Maria, married Seyffahrt, and the six children of his late brother Johann Paul Reiche were heirs.

meaning

A place to blow off : the balcony on the town hall tower in Leipzig, detail from an engraving from 1712

Both reports from contemporary witnesses and the works of Johann Sebastian Bach composed in Leipzig show that Reiche must have been an extraordinarily talented trumpet virtuoso, since the trumpet parts written by Bach often make the highest demands. It can be assumed that Bach was only able to perform the demanding parts of the works composed between 1723 and 1734 because Reiche was an exceptional musician. Reiche was able to pass on his fine art of playing the trumpet to his far less well-known assistant and successor as the first trumpet player, Ulrich Heinrich Ruhe, who probably had high demands as early as December 1734 for the performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's Christmas Oratorio, the first trumpet part provides, was available.

In addition to his importance as an instrumentalist, Gottfried Reiche was also an important composer. Alongside those of Johann Christoph Pezel (1639–1694), his works represent a high point in German city piping art.

Works

Reiche created numerous tower music , including 40 sonatas for five voices in 1690, according to his own account. In 1696 he self-published Four and Twenty New Quatricinia with a cornetto and three trombones, mainly on the so-called blowing off on the town halls and towers with diligence; In honor of the Most High God and given to those Musicis for use and pleasure in the light by Gottfried Reichen . 5 chorale books and 122 blow-offs = pieces for various instruments, which were recorded in an inventory of the sheet music stored in the town hall tower in 1747, have not survived.

The notes Reiche is holding in his hand in the portrait of Elias Gottlob Haußmann could represent a Reiche blow-off piece . According to other opinions, this fanfare is a composition by Bach that he dedicated to his friend on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Neither can be proven. This fanfare goes up to the 16th natural tone, which is usually the highest tone for good 1st clarin players. Daniel Speer stated in 1697: [A] uch tractirens some bit into the f (ie a fourth higher up to the 21st natural tone). It is not known whether Gottfried Reiche was enough. The 1st votes of his surviving works do not go up that high.

Rich instrument in Haussmann's portrait

The brass instrument in Reiches right hand in the Haussmann portrait could be a tromba da caccia or a corno da caccia . The tube, which initially appears to be cylindrical, widens noticeably conically towards the funnel. It is therefore debatable whether this instrument is to be considered a trumpet or a horn . If it is blown with a trumpet mouthpiece, as by Reiche, a great flexibility and height can be created like a clarine , as required by the notes in Reiches left hand and parts in some of Johann Sebastian Bach's works.

Johann Sebastian Bach used both a tromba da tirarsi (train trumpet ) and a corno da tirarsi ( train horn ) in some of the Leipzig cantatas up to Gottfried Reiches death , but not afterwards. But no such instrument, most likely also played by Gottfried Reiche, has survived, and there is a lack of clarity about the appearance of such slide instruments prescribed by Bach. Therefore, several attempts have been made to equip the instrument of the Haussmann portrait with a slide during the reconstruction, which makes it possible to fill the series of natural tones diatonic and chromatic as with the slide trombone. The results of these experiments remain questionable, however.

literature

  • Timothy A. Collins: Gottfried Reiche: A More Complete Biography. In: Journal of the International Trumpet Guild 15, 1991, Issue 3, pp. 4-28.
  • Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches life and art . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, pp. 133-140.
  • Don Smithers : Gottfried Reiches reputation and his influence on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. In: Bach-Jahrbuch 73rd vol., 1987, pp. 113–150
  • Don Smithers: Bach, Reiche and the Leipzig Collegia Musica. In: Historic Brass Society Journal 2, 1990, pp. 1-51

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Dating of the oil painting uncertain
  2. ^ Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, p. 138, note 1): "In the original, as in the engraving, the 1st and 4th quarter of the 2nd measure accidentally contain quarters instead of sixteenths."
  3. ↑ The piece of music on a natural trumpet played by Don Smithers (mp3) . Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  4. ↑ In 1680 Reiche was 13 years old and was therefore considered to be of age. See Friedrich Gerhardt: The history of the city of Weißenfels a. S. Weißenfels 1907, p. 202.
  5. ↑ a b c Gottfried Reiche in Saxon Biography. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  6. ↑ Torsten Fuchs: Weißenfels . In: MGG . Second, revised edition, part 9, Bärenreiter Kassel et altera 1998, column 1932. Then Paul Becker comes into question, who was a master of the Weißenfelser Stadtpfeiferei until 1683.
  7. ^ Arno Werner: Urban and princely music care in Weißenfels up to the end of the 18th century. Leipzig 1911, p. 39.
  8. ^ Franz Krautwurst :  Krieger, Johann Philipp. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 13, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-00194-X , p. 41 f. ( Digitized version ).
  9. ↑ Torsten Fuchs: Weißenfels . In: MGG . Second, revised edition, part 9, Bärenreiter Kassel et altera 1998, column 1933.
  10. ^ Bernhard Friedrich Richter: Stadtpfeifer and alumni of the Thomasschule in Leipzig in Bach's time. In: Bach yearbook . 4th year 1907, p. 35.
  11. ^ Bernhard Friedrich Richter: Stadtpfeifer and alumni of the Thomasschule in Leipzig in Bach's time. In: Bach yearbook . 4th year 1907, p. 35 f.
  12. ^ A b Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, p. 135.
  13. ^ Contributions to Bach research . Volumes 5–7, Leipzig p. 99.
  14. ↑ Wording of the entry. Retrieved March 6, 2015
  15. ↑ Heiko Wegener: Trumpet and trumpet playing in Bach's time. Oldenburg 2007. See chapter 5: The social reputation and the sphere of influence of the trumpet . ( Memento of April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.48 MB) Retrieved on March 7, 2015.
  16. ^ Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, p. 136 f.
  17. ^ Gustav Wustmann: Sources for the history of Leipzig. Publications from the archive and the library of the City of Leipzig . Volume 1., Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, p. 436.
  18. ^ Philipp Spitta: Johann Sebastian Bach . Second volume, Leipzig 1880, p. 70, note 58.
  19. ^ Don Smithers: Bach, Reiche and the Leipzig Collegia Musica. In: Historic Brass Society Journal 2, 1990, p. 17.
  20. ↑ John Wallace, Alexander McGrattan: The Trumpet . Yale University Press 2011, Chapter 6: Germany in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the trumpet writing of Handel, Telemann an Bach.
  21. ^ Christoph Wolff: Johann Sebastian Bach. Updated new edition, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, p. 285.
  22. ↑ Gottfried Reiche in Saxon Biography. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  23. ^ Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, p. 140.
  24. ^ Arnold Schering: To Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst . In: Bach yearbook . 15th year, 1918, p. 133 f.
  25. ↑ Gustav Wustmann: The Leipzig Town Musicians , In: From Leipzig's Past , Volume 1, published by Fr. Wilh. Grunow, Leipzig 1885, p. 318.
  26. ↑ Georg Karstädt: Reiche, Gottfried . In: MGG . Volume 11, Bärenreiter Kassel 1963, column 162.
  27. ↑ Daniel Speer: Reasonably correct, short-easy and necessary, now probably increased teaching of the musical art, or four-fold musical shamrock: where to see how one can adequately and in a short time 1. Choral and figural singing, 2. Tracting the piano and basso continuo, 3. Can grasp all kinds of instruments and learn to blow, 4. Learn to compose vocaliter and instrumentaliter. Ulm 1697, p. 209 Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  28. ^ Ludwig Güttler: Resurrection of an instrument . Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  29. ↑ Modern replica of a Tromba da caccia. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  30. ↑ Replica and explanations for this in the Leipzig City History Museum. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  31. ^ Reine Dahlqvist: Gottfried Reiche's Instrument: a Problem of Classification . In: Historic Brass Society Journal . 1993, pp. 174–191 (PDF; 3.57 MB) Retrieved March 7, 2015
  32. ↑ Herbert Heyde: The instrument Gottfried Reiches. In: Das Musikinstrument , vol. 36, issue 11 / November 1987, pp. 32–34
  33. ↑ Olivier Picon: The Corno da Tirarsi. Basel 2010. (PDF; 5.97 MB) Queryed on March 6, 2015.
  34. ^ Attempt by Engelbert Schmid based on the instrument in the portrait.Retrieved March 6, 2015.
personal data
SURNAME Rich, Gottfried
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Reiche, Johann Gottfried (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German baroque trumpet virtuoso and composer
DATE OF BIRTH February 5, 1667
PLACE OF BIRTH Weissenfels
DATE OF DEATH October 6, 1734
Place of death Leipzig