Greek referendum in 1924

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The coat of arms of Greece
(1863-1924)

The 1924 Greek referendum was a greg on April 13, 1924 . (Note) Referendum held in the Kingdom of Greece . The vote should gregate the proclamation of the republic of March 25, 1924 . to confirm. This confirmation was given with 69.96% of the valid votes.

prehistory

After the September 22, 1922 greg. Turkish armed forces captured the Greek occupation zone of Smyrna including the city and thus the Greek campaign in Asia Minor ended, a coup by major parts of the Greek armed forces began two days later ( revolution of September 11, 1922 ). These Venicelist forces under Nikolaos Plastiras , Stylianos Gonatas and Theodoros Pangalos forced King Constantine I on October 10, 1922 greg. for the second abdication and formed a revolutionary committee. The new king was his son, Crown Prince Georg .

On October 20, 1923 greg. (Note) royalist sections of the Greek armed forces put in a coup d'état against the revolutionary committee ( movement Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis ) with the participation of Ioannis Metaxas . This counter-revolution was crushed the following day by the Venizelian military under General Pangalos and Georgios Kondylis . As a result, the royalist parties boycotted the elections of December 16, 1923 and the Venizelist parties, above all the Liberal Party , won the elections. Three days after the election, on December 19, King George II complied with the request of the Revolutionary Committee to leave the country - he refused to abdicate. The committee appointed Pavlos Koundouriotis as viceroy , who already exercised this function in 1920 .

After Pangalos and Kondylis had openly threatened a coup, Alexandros Papanastasiou , the leader of the radical party wing, prevailed in the Liberal Party and on March 25, 1924, the National Assembly , which had previously disagreed on the question of the form of government , deposed the king , proclaimed the republic and elected the previous viceroy Koundouriotis as president . In addition, a vote was announced for April 13, 1924, which should confirm the conversion into a republic.

output

selection be right %
Yes 758.472 69.96
No 325,322 30.04
Invalid / Empty 291 -
total 1,084,085 100.00
source

With effect from May 1, 1924, Greece became a republic.

Remarks

Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar on March 1, 1923 (the last 13 days of February were omitted).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michael Neumann-Adrian, Christoph K. Neumann : Turkey: A country and its 9000 years of history . Droemer Knaur , 1994, ISBN 3-426-04851-5 , pp. 299 f .
  2. ↑ Gangolf Hübinger (ed.): Ernst Troeltsch: Critical Complete Edition . Ernst Troeltsch: Spectatoren Letters and Berlin Letters (1919–1922). 1st edition. tape 1 . CH Beck, ISBN 978-3-11-041151-5 , pp. 580 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on July 23, 2015] footnote 5).
  3. ^ Elaine Thomopoulos: The History of Greece (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) . Greece after the Greek-Turkish War. Greenwood Pub Group, 2011, ISBN 0-313-37511-9 , pp. 108 f . (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on July 23, 2015]).
  4. ^ Gregor Manousakis: Hellas - where to? The relationship between the military and politics in Greece since 1900 . Publishing house Wiss. Archive, Godesberg 1967. On this day. (No longer available online.) In: en.enikos.gr. enikos.gr, October 22, 2014, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved on July 25, 2015 (English): "1923 - The royalist Leonardopoulos – Gargalidis coup d'état attempt fails in Greece, discrediting the monarchy and paving the way for the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic" Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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  5. ↑ a b Ioannis Zelepos : Brief history of Greece: From the foundation of the state until today . 6. The period between the world wars (1923–1940). Verlag CH Beck , Munich 2014, ISBN 3-406-65343-X ( limited preview in Google book search [accessed on July 25, 2015]).
  6. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver (Ed.): Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook . 1st edition. Nomos Verlag , 2010, ISBN 3-8329-5609-3 , p. 829 + 857 (English).
  7. ↑ John Van Der Kiste: Kings of the Hellenes: The Greek Kings 1863-1974 . Sutton Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0-7509-2147-1 , pp. 144 (English).
  8. ^ A b Sven C. Stein: Germany and Greece in the Euro Crisis: On the Abyss or One Step Further? 1st edition. disserta Verlag , 2014, ISBN 3-95425-464-6 , p. 52 . History of Athens: The mid-war period: The second Hellenic Republic. In: athensinfoguide.com. Athens Info Guide, accessed July 25, 2015 .
  9. ↑ Elaine Thomopoulos: The History of Greece . Second Hellenic Republic. In: Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations . Greenwood Pub Group Inc, 2011, ISBN 978-0-313-37511-8 , pp. 110 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed July 25, 2015]). ZeitZeign: March 25, 1924: The proclamation of the Greek Republic. ( MP3 ) (No longer available online.) In: ardmediathek.de. ARD Mediathek , March 25, 2014, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; Retrieved July 25, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. History of Athens: Greek Heads of State. In: athensinfoguide.com. Athens Info Guide, accessed July 26, 2015 . Charalampis Kyrkos, Georgia Makropoulou: Referendum: A challenge for democratic self-determination. (PDF) In: jus.uio.no. UiO : The Faculty of Law, p. 2 , accessed on July 25, 2015 (English): “The third referendum process on April 13, 1924, differs significantly from the previous ones. After the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) elections were held in December 1923. As the royalist parties abstained from the elections, the antimonarchist majority of the new parliament was more than obvious. So, unsurprisingly, the Fourth Constituent Assembly decided to change the constitution from monarchy to republic and subject its decision to peoples approval. Eventually, for the Republic voted 69.95%, as 30.05% voted for crowned Democracy. The result, although there have been complaints from royalists for many cases of double voting in favor of democracy, which was characterized by genuine. The behavior, however, and the tactics followed by the ardent supporters of democracy, especially in combination with the relatively recent result of the referendum of 22 November 1920, which despite the massive fraud was undoubtedly recorded the existence of strong royalist power, forces us to consider not so much the logic of the referendum of 13 April 1924, as the Resolution of the National Assembly which deposed the royal dynasty, and decided to "join the Hellas in a democracy." This is because the arguments of the inspirators of the referendum may trigger a totalitarian ideologies containing dangerous content. In any case, however, one of the royalist parties immediately recognized the result, while the largest party of anti-Venizelists recognized republic in 1932. "
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  10. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver (Ed.): Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook . 1st edition. Nomos Verlag , 2010, ISBN 3-8329-5609-3 , p. 839 (English).
  11. ↑ aikos2309: Prince Philip, the silent heir to the throne of Greece. In: pravda-tv.com. Nikolas Pravda, July 10, 2015, accessed on July 26, 2015 : “[...] On March 25, 1924, the Greek National Assembly in Athens proclaimed the republic, which was confirmed by a referendum on April 13. Greece became a republic on May 1, 1924. "
  12. ↑ Norbert Weis : About the depiction of time by calendar . The introduction of the Gregorian calendar. In: Administration & Management (VM) . 12th year, no. 1 . Nomos Verlag, 2006, ISSN  0947-9856 , p. 5 ( Introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Greece. [PDF; accessed July 19, 2015]).