Hakkâri (Principality)
 
| |||
Some places in the principality of Hakkâri |
The principality of Hakkari was a Kurdish principality in eastern Anatolia . The capital was among other things Colemêrg (today Hakkâri ). In its expansion, the principality reached from Cizre to Hakkâri on the Persian border and from Lake Van in the north to Mosul in the south. The principality existed from the 14th to the 19th century.
history
The principality was founded in the middle of the 14th century by a merger of different tribes under the Emir Izz ad-Din Schir / Yazdan-Schir. Izz ad-Din, whose mother was probably Armenian , ruled the city of Vostan (now Gevaş ) on Lake Van. The chronicler Sharaf ad-Din Chan speaks of the ruling family as one of the noblest in all of Kurdistan . As alleged descendants of the Abbasids , they were held in high regard. When the conqueror Timur Van attacked in 1387 , Izz ad-Din Shir holed up in the city's fortress. Although Timur was unable to take the fortress, Izz ad-Din surrendered after a few days. Timur left him his principality and made him a vassal. After the fall of the Timurids , the principality was besieged by the Qara Qoyunlu and eventually became their vassal.
In the middle of the 15th century the Aq Qoyunlu - opponents of the Qara Qoyunlu - rose from their center Diyarbakır to a regional power and also conquered Hakkâri. They appointed the Dimili as administrators . According to Sharaf Chan (Şerefhan), this was the only time that the principality lost its independence. But the Christian inhabitants of Hakkari, who traveled as traders to Syria and Egypt , found a descendant of Izz ad-Din Shir in Egypt. This descendant named Asad ad-Din Zarren Chang (Zarren Chang = "golden arm", a prosthetic arm) was in the service of the Egyptian Mamluks . Disguised as a Christian, they smuggled Tsar Chang to Hakkâri and recaptured the principality on a Saturday in 1468. From then on the dynasty was called Schembo (Kurdish for Saturday, Persian for Schembe ).
Later Hakkari came under the influence of the Persian Safavids . These were defeated by the Ottomans in the battle of Tschaldiran in 1514 and driven out of Anatolia. With the mediation of İdris-i Bitlisî , the Kurdish princes of the region concluded an agreement with the Ottomans. But the principality of Hakkari was ensnared by both powers as it was now on the border between the Ottomans and the Safavids and accordingly often switched sides. The southern part of Hakkari fell under the Principality of Badinan for centuries . The Hakkari ruler Zahid Bey divided his empire between his two sons Seyyid Mehmed and Melik Bey. In 1548 there was a conflict with the Ottomans when Melik Bey was executed. His son Zeynel rebelled, but because of the strategic location of Hakkâris, the Ottomans installed him as ruler. But his uncle Seyyid Mehmed, who was more prosafavid, did not recognize him. The result was a fight, which Zeynel won with the help of the Ottomans and thus killed his uncle. Zeynel pursued an anti-Safavid policy and his successor and son Ibrahim Bey received the rank of pasha from the Ottomans in 1578 . In 1585 Zeynel took part in a campaign by the Ottomans against Tabriz ( Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590) ), where he was killed in a battle. In 1688 the status of the principality was lowered by the Ottomans: a Hükümet (government) became an Ocaklik (tribal area). At the beginning of the 19th century the principality was part of the Eyâlet Van. Within this province there was still the principality of the Mahmudi (today Saray ) and the two Ocaklik of Kotuz and Müküs (today Bahçesaray ); the rest was administered directly by the Ottoman governor ( Wali ).
The last Hakkari prince, Nurullah Bey, rebelled against the Ottomans together with the ruler of Botan Bedirxan Beg in the middle of the 19th century. However, they were defeated, exiled and their principalities dissolved.
swell
- Sharaf ad-Din Khan Bidlisi : Sharaf-nama (from 1596)
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam . New Edition, article "Kurds" ( English )
- Alexander Khachatrian: The kurdish principality of Hakkariya (14th-15th centuries) , published in Iran & the Caucasus , Vol 7, No. 1/2 (2003), pp. 37-58
- Dündar Alikılıç: Hakkâri beyliği (İrisan beyliği) 'nin yıkılış etkenleri , presented on the III. Vansee Symposium in June 2007 ( Turkish )
- Zeki Tekin: Zeynel bey ve Oğullarının Hakkâri Hakimliği mücadelesi ve isyanları ( Turkish )