Resin gas

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Resin gas
Daniell's Rosin Gas Apparatus 1829 Fig. 2.png
Apparatus for the production of resin gas from 1828 after John Frederic Daniell .
Brief description Coal gas and later additive to coal gas, in use during the mid-19th century
origin

Extraction from rosin

Characteristic components

Hydrocarbons , hydrogen , nitrogen , carbon monoxide

properties
Physical state gaseous
density

1.058 kg / m 3 (ratio 0.818 to air)

As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

As a resin gas one out was rosin obtained (rosin) gas mixture referred that during the mid-19th century as coal gas was used. Resin gas has also been added as an additive to other types of luminous gas in order to improve their luminosity and save production costs. After the resin gas initially spread rapidly in city lighting in Europe and the USA, however, it could not prevail over the cheaper coal gas in the long term .

history

Apparatus for the production of resin gas according to Henry Bernard Chaussenot

First attempts at the production and use of resin gas were made in England and France in the late 1820s. In France, the engineer Henry Bernard Chaussenot was in charge of this, and in 1829 he applied for a patent on an apparatus for generating resin gas in Hagenau in Alsace. Two years earlier and independently of Chaussenot, John Frederic Daniell filed for the first patent for a similar device in England in 1827 . A prototype of the Daniell apparatus built in the same year by John Martineau ( en ) and Philip Taylor at the London Institution ( en ) produced a daily amount of about 1000 cubic feet (approx. 28 m³) of resin gas, which in its pure form was used as a luminous gas to illuminate the Institution was used. The significantly better luminosity (ratio approx. 2.5: 1) and purity as well as the supposedly lower production costs compared to the coal gas that was widespread at the time were noticeable, which led to international attention and the like. a. also aroused in Germany. The Polytechnic Journal reported in 1828: "This new type of gas lighting [...] offers great advantages in terms of cheapness and cleanliness."

The higher luminosity of the resin gas compared to the coal gas is due to the higher proportion of heavy hydrocarbons. The better purity in the sense of less odor development is based on the fact that resin gas, unlike coal gas, does not contain any sulphurous acid . These advantages of the resin gas meant that its use as a lighting gas for city lighting spread rapidly. Already in 1832 it was in many cities a. a. Used in the UK, the Netherlands, France and the USA. The resin gas was soon used in Germany too. In Frankfurt am Main, resin gas for city lighting was introduced by the Frankfurter Gasgesellschaft as early as 1829.

With the increasing spread of resin gas, however, it became clear that it was not fundamentally cheaper than coal gas. Often the total costs were even significantly higher. This was mainly due to the fact that the production costs of the resin gas were initially underestimated. In addition, the cost of the resin gas depended on the cost of its raw material, rosin. At the beginning of the 19th century this was also available cheaply in Europe due to the import of large quantities from North America. However, as rosin became more expensive, this also affected the price of the resin gas. At the same time, improvements in the production process of the coal gas meant that its quality improved and its price fell.

As early as the end of the 1830s, the use of resin gas as a luminous gas in its pure form was declining internationally, and many plants for the production of resin gas were converted for the production of coal gas. This was also the case in Germany, so that in 1845, of the eight cities that already had gas lighting, only Frankfurt am Main still used resin gas, while the other seven rely on coal gas. The special position of Frankfurt was due to the fact that the Frankfurter Gasgesellschaft, which had introduced lighting with resin gas in 1829, had signed a contract with the British Imperial Continental Gas Association (ICGA) for the production of resin gas for 18 years, i.e. until 1847. The ICGA itself, however, also opened a gas works in Frankfurt in 1844, which produced coal gas and was in direct competition with the works of the Frankfurter Gasgesellschaft. This, as well as the increase in the price of rosin, ultimately led to the resin gas being replaced in Frankfurt by other oil gases and coal gas.

After being displaced by the coal gas, the resin gas was added to it as an additive for some time. This not only improved the luminosity of the coal gas, but also had the additional and more important advantage that the waste generated during the production of coal and resin gas could be used in combination as fuel for the operation of the gasworks, which reduced its operating costs. An example of such a gas mixture of resin and coal gas was the "patent gas" used by the Düsseldorf public utility between 1846 and 1866, which was produced by the Düsseldorf company Sinzig & Co. However, its use as an additive could not stop the displacement of the resin gas and other oil gases by the coal gas. Towards the end of the 19th century, the resin gas was no longer used commercially as a luminous gas.

Manufacturing

To obtain resin gas, the rosin was first liquefied. This was done either by dissolving in oil or by melting. Liquefaction as complete as possible was crucial in order to ensure continuous operation of the gas recovery system without clogging. The liquefied rosin was passed through red-hot coke and thereby gasified . This "raw" resin gas was then first separated from the resin oil produced at the same time, cooled and passed through sodium hydroxide solution for cleaning in order to remove the carbon dioxide contained in the gas . The resin oil that was produced at the same time was fed back into the production process in some processes to dissolve additional rosin and thus recycled.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Ullmann, Fritz : Harzindustrie . In: Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry . 1st edition. tape 6 . Urban & Schwarzenberg , Berlin 1919, DNB  992672015 , p. 404-405 ( archive.org [accessed November 25, 2018]).
  2. ↑ a b Bottler, Max: Process for the preparation of luminous gas from resin . In: Jänecke, Max (Hrsg.): Library of the entire technology . tape 45 . Max Jänecke publishing house, Hanover 1907, p. 268–271 ( archive.org [accessed November 25, 2018]).
  3. ↑ As to the resin gas appliances of Chaussenot and Mathieu . In: Polytechnisches Centralblatt . tape 3 , no. 17 . Verlag Leopold Voss, Leipzig March 24, 1837, p. 257–263 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  4. ↑ Description of an apparatus for lighting with resin gas, which Mr. HB Chaussenot in the HH cotton mill. Titot, Chastellux and Comp. built in Haguenau. In: Dingler, Johann Gottfried (Ed.): Polytechnisches Journal . tape 60 . Stuttgart 1836, p. 102–114 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  5. ^ A b c Newton, William: On Daniel's Patent Apparatus for Generating Gas from Rosin, as constructed by Mr. Martineau, for the London Institution, where it is in constant use . In: The London Journal of Arts and Sciences . tape 2 . Sherwood & Co., London 1828, p. 316-320 (English, full text in Google Book Search [accessed November 25, 2018]).
  6. ↑ Gas lighting with resin gas . In: Polytechnisches Journal . tape 28 , no. CVIII , 1828, pp. 421-422 ( hu-berlin.de ).
  7. ^ Salmon, M .: Rosin Gas . In: Mechanic's Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal & Gazette . tape 11 . London 1829, p. 127 (English, full text in the Google book search).
  8. ↑ Ure, Andrew : Rosin Gas . In: A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines . New York 1842, p. 1082-1083 (English, full text in Google Book Search).
  9. ↑ Timbs, John: Rosin Gas . In: Knowledge for the People: Or, the Plain Why and Because . 5. Popular Chemistry. Lilly & Wait, Boston 1832, p. 134–136 (English, full text in Google Book Search).
  10. ^ A b Gieseler, Albert: Frankfurter Gasgesellschaft . 2009 ( albert-gieseler.de ).
  11. ^ A b Fischer, Andrea: Foundation of the Frankfurt gas operations . In: Municipal service administration in the 19th century (=  writings on legal history . Volume 65 ). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-428-08457-8 , pp. 141–142 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  12. ↑ Pelouze, Edmond: comparison of coal gas and resin gas, after Pelouze the father . In: Hülsse, JA & Weinlig, A. (Ed.): Polytechnisches Centralblatt . tape 6 , no. 23 . Verlag Leopold Voss, Leipzig April 22, 1840, p. 353–361 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  13. ↑ a b Gas lighting — Article II . In: Scientific American . tape 13 , no. March 26 , 1858, p. 206 , doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican03061858-206 (English, scientificamerican.com ).
  14. ↑ a b c Wagner, Johannes Rudolf: Harzgas . In: Handbook of chemical technology . 11th edition. Verlag von Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1880, p. 1010 ( archive.org ).
  15. ^ Reports of the Trustees of the Philadelphia Gas Works . Philadelphia 1838, p. 61–62 (English, full text in the Google book search).
  16. ^ Hoffmann, C .: Monograph of gas lighting . Verlag von W. Möser and Kühn, Berlin 1845, p. 114 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  17. ^ Hoffmann, C .: Monograph of gas lighting . Verlag von W. Möser and Kühn, Berlin 1845, p. 108 ( full text in Google Book Search).
  18. ^ Reports of the Trustees of the Philadelphia Gas Works . Philadelphia 1838, p. 10–11 (English, full text in Google Book Search).
  19. ^ Gieseler, Albert: Gasworks Düsseldorf . 2009 ( albert-gieseler.de ).
  20. ^ Schroff, Hans-Joachim: Contribution to the city gas history of Düsseldorf . In: Heimatblatt Unterrath-Lichtenbroich . tape 64 , no. 4 , 2016, p. 33–41 (www.unterrath-lichtenbroich.de/heimatblatt/HBL_2016_4.pdf [PDF]).
  21. ↑ Kolbe, Hermann ; Liebig, Justus ; Poggendorff, Johann Christian ; Wöhler, Friedrich : The resin gas . In: Concise dictionary of pure and applied chemistry . tape 3 . Friedrich Vieweg and son, Braunschweig 1848, p. 359-364 ( e-rara.ch ).
  22. ↑ Knapp, Friedrich Ludwig ; Ronalds, Edmund; Richardson, Thomas: Rosin Gas . In: Chemical Technology: Or, Chemistry, Applied to the Arts and to Manufactures . tape 1 . Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia 1848, p. 173–175 (English, full text in Google Book Search).