Hawila

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Hawila ( Hebrew חֲוִילָה Ḥăwîlāh ) refers to a region and several people in the Old Testament .

etymology

The Hebrew nameחֲוִילָה can be derived from the noun חוֹל chol , German for 'sand' . The name therefore means "sandland". In the Septuagint the name is rendered as Ευιλατ euilat .

Hawila, land

Hawila is first mentioned in Gen 2.11  EU as a neighbor of the Garden of Eden . It is named to describe the location of the first of the four rivers of Paradise , the Pishon. Hawila is said to be famous for its wealth of gold , bdellium and carnelian stones . In addition to Hawila, Saba in today's Yemen is praised in the Bible as a gold country. After Gen 25,18  EU lived Ismailis from Havilah to Shur on the eastern border of Egypt. Another mention can be found in 1 Sam 15.7  EU .

Localization

The location of the biblical hawila is controversial. Flavius ​​Josephus equated Hawila with the Ganges plain in India . Beda Venerabilis also located Hawila in India and derived the name from Hawila, the son of Joktan .

Other authors suspect Hawila because of its location on a road between Egypt and the Assyrian Empire in Syria or in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula. Already on the world map by Abraham Ortelius from 1601 ( Geographia sacra ), Hawila (Evilath) lies in Arabia, between the Dead Sea and the mountains of Horeb and Sinai . Charles Gordon (1886) saw Hawila in the gold-rich country of Godjam on the blue Nile. William Willcox (1919) located Hawila east of the Euphrates, between Karbala and Kufa . According to A Curtis (1905), paradise itself had perished in the Indian Ocean, Hawila survived as Australia. Manfried Dietrich sees Hawila beyond the Karun , which he identifies as the biblical pishon. The British archaeologist David Rohl , however, suspects the Qezel Uzan in the biblical river Pishon , which flows from the heights of Kurdistan to the Caspian region, which would suggest a location of Hawila in the area of ​​today's Iran .

Hawila, son of Kush

According to Gen 10.7  EU , Hawila is a son of Kush and a grandson of Ham . His brothers are called Seba , Sabta , Ragma , Sabtecha and Nimrod . In the context of the peoples table , it is a personified landscape name west of the Red Sea . Gen 10.7 is usually counted as part of the priestly scriptures.

Hawila, son of Joktan

According to Gen 10.29  EU and 1 Chr 1.23  EU , Hawila is a son of Joktan and a descendant of Shem . Also appearing in the table of people, the personal name is usually related to a landscape east of the Red Sea . Gen 10:29 is counted as a non-priestly tradition.

literature

  • Alessandro Scafi: Mapping Paradise, A history of Heaven on earth . British Library, London 2006, ISBN 0-7123-4877-8 .
  • Manfred Dietrich : The biblical paradise and the Babylonian temple garden: considerations on the location of the garden of Eden . In: Bernd Janowski, Beate Ego, Annette Krüger (eds.): The biblical worldview and its ancient oriental contexts (= research on the Old Testament 32). Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-16-147540-2 , pp. 280–323.
  • William Willcox: From the Garden of Eden to the Crossing of the Jordan . French Institute of Oriental Archeology, Cairo 1918.
  • Friedrich Delitzsch : Where was paradise? A biblical-assyriological study, with numerous assyriological contributions to biblical geography and ethnology ... JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1881.
  • AP Curtis: The Land of Eden and Havilah . AP Curtis, Kennington (London) 1905.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ questionable: lapis lazuli is in en :, onyx in the Luther Bible from 1545, shoham stone in the Elberfeld Bible according to biblegateway.com carnelian stones according to standard translation
  2. ↑ Alessandro Scafi: Mapping Paradise, A history of Heaven on earth . British Library, London 2006, p. 35
  3. ↑ Alessandro Scafi: Mapping Paradise, A history of Heaven on earth . British Library, London 2006, plate 16
  4. ↑ Alessandro Scafi: Mapping Paradise, A history of Heaven on earth . British Library, London 2006, p. 355
  5. ↑ Alessandro Scafi: Mapping Paradise, A history of Heaven on earth . British Library, London 2006, p. 357