Bamlach and Rheinweiler rule

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Sketch map of the Bamlach and Rheinweiler dominions

The rule Bamlach and Rheinweiler was until 1805 the existing rich immediate ( fiefdom ) rule on the Upper Rhine between Basel and Freiburg, which from today to the municipality Bad Bellingen consisted belonging villages Bamlach and Rheinweiler. Since 1434, the rule has belonged to the Lords of Rotberg , who thus had a decisive influence on the fortunes of the two communities for almost 400 years. Compared to the neighboring Habsburgs , who ruled the Upper Austrian Breisgau , the von Rotbergs were too weak, which is why they belonged to the rural nobility of the Breisgau despite imperial fiefs and thus had to recognize the suzerainty of the Habsburgs.

history

Origin of the names

The village of Bamlach (other forms of name are: Bamenanc, Bamenhanc, Baminanch, Bamnach) is documented for the first time in a document from 1130. Bader derives the name from the Celtic word for small mountain water.

The term hamlet comes from the Latin villa or villare (diminutive) and the Rhine defines the place in terms of other hamlets. In old documents the spellings Villa que vocatur Riiwillere and Rinwilere can be found.

Content of the imperial fief

Use of real estate

The imperial fiefdom comprised the old castle in Rheinweiler with a house, chapel and farm building. This area and the associated garden were protected by a wall and a moat.

Jurisdiction

The feudal lord was entitled to high and low jurisdiction in the two villages. The high court was made up of lay judges from both villages; there were also two village courts, each with 12 lay judges, chaired by the bailiff.

Taxation Rights

In addition to an annual tax, the rulers were entitled to labor . Landlords and butchers had to pay sales tax ( ungeld , excise ).

Economic monopolies

With the ferry from Rheinweiler, the feudal lords had the only permitted Rhine crossing between Istein and Neuchâtel . In addition, the men were entitled to the salmon pasture (salmon fishing season in the four weeks from November 11th).

Reichslehen in the hands of the Schaler

Bamlach coat of arms

The two villages formed an imperial rule since unknown times. In the 15th century it was owned as a fief by the Basel patrician family of Schaler. A number of monasteries (including St. Alban , St. Blasien ) had considerable property in this rule. This came from foundations of the regional nobility ( von Kaltenbach , von Waldeck , von Hasenburg, von Habsburg). The rest was royal property that belonged to the Schaler as a fief.

The coat of arms of Bamlach (today part of Bad Bellingen) still contains the stylized ladder from the coat of arms of the Schaler (scalarii) next to the shield of the von Rotberg.

The Lords of Rotberg

Coat of arms of the von Rotberg family

In 1417 Ludemann von Rotberg acquired half of the imperial fiefdom of Bamlach and Rheinweiler from the Schaler family and in 1434 Bernhard von Rotberg was able to acquire the other half from Klaus Ulrich Schaler, which was approved by Emperor Sigismund . Apparently this Klaus Ulrich Schaler had had financial problems for a long time, since he had already obtained permission from the king in 1429 to move his share in the villages of Bamlach and Rheinweiler. In 1442 King Friedrich III enfeoffed him . with the rule.

Simplified family tree

Since 1536 testifies, but probably for a long time had the St. from Rotberg as a fief of the collegiate Margarethen Waldkirch their Dinghofsgut in Bamlach with the Dinghof and ten Schuppisgütern The lords of Rotberg were members of the Canton of Danube of the Swabian imperial knights .

Hans Jakob II. Von Rotberg (1565–1623) converted to Lutheranism after 1600. Since Georg Sigmund von Rotberg (1685–1727) switched back to the Catholic religion, the Bamlach line was Catholic and served in particular the bishopric of Basel (especially as bailiff in Schliengen ). The Rheinweiler line remained Protestant and mainly served the House of Baden-Durlach .

The villages - like the Basel and Durlach neighborhoods - suffered greatly from the French wars. In 1676 they destroyed Rheinweiler Castle . Between 1703 and 1705 the French garrisons of the fortresses Hüningen and Breisach destroyed the entire Rhine forest, so that the villages now had to buy all the firewood in the neighborhood. During the French Revolution, the Rhine crossing was closed and the villagers no longer dared to go to the Rhine islands, as these were often shot at from France.

The rulership of Bamlach-Rheinweiler shared the fate of Breisgau in front of Austria and came to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1805 ( Peace of Preßburg ) after being assigned to the short-lived Duchy of Modena-Breisgau in 1803 in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . The role of von Rotberg in local history did not end with the change of state sovereignty. In 1807 the family from the Grand Duchy of Baden bought the properties in Rheinweiler that had previously belonged to the Bürgeln Provost and until 1866 the Grand Duke enfeoffed the family with the villages of Bamlach and Rheinweiler, whereby the associated rights were gradually replaced.

Ownership

In Bamlach the Lords of Rotberg were also the largest landowners, in Rheinweiler the St. Blasien monastery with its priests Bürgeln and Weitenau took this position. The Basel cathedral monastery , as well as the von Bärenfels , von Pfirt and von Bottenstein families , were among the landowners. Most of the farms were inherited from the villagers; there were few farmers with their own property and the village commons were rather small.

population

After the Thirty Years' War , the number of citizens and amounted tenants both places now to about 75. In the transition to Baden, the two villages had 874 inhabitants.

economy

In the Middle Ages, viticulture was very pronounced on the slopes. This management initially declined in the 16th century and experienced a significant revival in the 19th century. Grains (spelled, rye, oats) were grown on the limestone and Letten soils at high altitudes. There was too little construction and firewood in the forests on the Rhine plain and had to be imported from the Baden neighborhood.

religion

St. Nicholas Chapel in Rheinweiler

In addition to the Catholic parish church of St. Peter and Paul in Bamlach, there is also the St. Nicholas Chapel in Rheinweiler as a branch of Bamlach.

Hans Jakob II. Von Rotberg (1565–1623) was - like some ancestors - in the service of Baden and after 1600 accepted the evangelical creed. Since the von Rotbergs - despite imperial fiefdom - submitted to Austrian rule, their villages remained Catholic and they had to attend the Protestant church service in Blansingen, Baden .

The Protestant servants in the castle and a number of Lutheran and Calvinist newcomers - mainly from Switzerland - repeatedly formed a stumbling block for the majority of Catholic villagers.

Ongoing conflicts between Hans Adam von Rotberg (1603–1659) and the pastor led to interventions by the Upper Austrian authorities, who in 1657 ordered the Protestant residents to leave the villages.

Georg Sigmund von Rotberg (1685–1727) switched back to the Catholic religion and became Obervogt of the bishopric of Basel in the Landvogtei Schliengen .

literature

Web links

Individual references / comments

  1. ↑ this was probably not done voluntarily s. Bader pp. 55-57; s. also Fecht p. 96 according to which the von Rotberg sued in 1747 against the loss of imperial immediacy
  2. ↑ s. Kraus p. 139
  3. ↑ not identical to today's castle
  4. ↑ s. Bader p. 44
  5. ↑ s. Bader p. 32
  6. ↑ Regesta Imperii No. 10647
  7. ↑ Regesta Imperii No. 7422
  8. ^ Gregor Egloff: Schuppose. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . November 21, 2011 , accessed June 7, 2019 .
  9. ↑ s. Bader p. 55
  10. ↑ Werdholz; from Werder, Werd, Wörth - Brockhaus river island 1841
  11. ↑ s. Bader p. 54
  12. ↑ s. Bader p. 58

Coordinates: 47 ° 42 ′ 39 ″  N , 7 ° 31 ′ 56 ″  E