Grasshopper

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Grasshopper
Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) (2862896572) .jpg

Grasshopper ( Ammodramus savannarum )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Ammodramus
Type : Grasshopper
Scientific name
Ammodramus savannarum
( Gmelin , 1789)
Grasshopper
Grasshopper of the subspecies Ammodramus savannarum floridanus with nestlings

The grasshopper hammer ( Ammodramus savannarum ) is one of the more inconspicuous colored New World hammer species in North America ("Sparrows"). It is common in much of North America. The Florida subspecies Ammodramus savannarum floridanus is endangered.

description

The grasshopper hammer reaches a body length of 10 to 14 centimeters and a wingspan of 17.5 centimeters. The weight of this species is between 13.8 and 28.4 grams with an average weight of 17 grams.

Adult birds are dashed brown, gray, whitish and black on the top of their bodies. The chest is brownish and the belly whitish. The chest and abdomen are usually not dotted. They have a narrow light parting stripe and dark brown parting side stripes. The outer eye stripe is beige, the eye ring is whitish. Many individuals also have a yellow-orange spot in front of the eye.

Young birds differ from adult birds by the strong brown dots on the chest and sides of the body.

Distribution area and habitat

The breeding grounds of the grasshopper are open grasslands and prairies from southern Canada through the United States to Mexico and Central America. The breeding birds of the northern range migrate to the southern United States, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean islands in the fall. They return to the northernmost parts of their range in late March.

Way of life

Grasshoppers are ground breeders, their nest is a well-hidden shell nest that is hidden under the vegetation. They look for food on the ground and mainly eat insects and seeds. Males can often be seen singing from a stand guard. The singing is reminiscent of the sounds of grasshoppers.

Grasshopper chambers are often parasitized by brood parasites brown-headed cowbird . In a study carried out for Kansas, 70 percent of locust bug nests also had eggs of this bird species.

Subspecies

Fringilla passerina (Figure 5) Lithograph by Alexander Wilson is a synonym for the nominate form

There are twelve known subspecies:

  • A. s. perpallidus ( Coues , 1872) - This subspecies is found in southwestern Canada and the central and western areas of the United States .
  • A. s. ammolegus Oberholser , 1942 - This subspecies is common in southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico .
  • A. s. pratensis ( Vieillot , 1818) - This subspecies is found in southeastern Canada and the eastern United States.
  • A. s. floridanus ( Mearns , 1902) - This subspecies is common in Florida .
  • A. s. bimaculatus Swainson , 1827 - This subspecies is found in central and southern Mexico, Guatemala , Nicaragua, and Costa Rica .
  • A. s. beatriceae Olson , 1980 - This subspecies occurs in central Panama .
  • A. s. cracens ( Bangs & Peck , 1908) - This subspecies is common in north and east Guatemala, Belize , east Honduras, and northeast Nicaragua.
  • A. s. caucae Chapman , 1912 - This subspecies occurs in Colombia .
  • A. s. savannarum ( Gmelin, JF , 1789) - The nominate form occurs in Jamaica .
  • A. s. intricatus Hartert , 1907 - This subspecies occurs on Hispaniola .
  • A. s. borinquensis Peters, JL , 1917 - This subspecies is common in Puerto Rico .
  • A. s. caribaeus ( Hartert , 1902) - The distribution area of ​​this subspecies are the Netherlands Antilles .

Etymology and history of research

Johann Friedrich Gmelin described the locust hammer under the name Fringilla Savannarum . He gave Jamaica as the habitat. With A. s. bimaculatus , William Swainson introduced the new genus Ammodramus in 1827 , which was later assigned the nominate form. This name is derived from the Greek words ammos , αμμος for 'sand' and -dromos, trekhō , -δρομος, τρεχω for 'runner, run'. The Latin species name savannarum means 'from the savannah'. Perpallidus is made up of the Latin words per- for 'very' and pallidus for 'pale, pale'. Ammolegus is a word formation from ammos , αμμος for 'sand' and legō , λεγω for 'collect, peck'. Pratensis is derived from pratum, prati for 'meadow'. Floridanus refers to the location Florida. Bimaculatus is made up of bi- for 'double, twofold' and maculatus for 'spotted'. In beatriceae is a tribute to Annie Beatrice Wetmore born van der Beast Thielen (1910-1997), the wife of Alexander Wetmore . Cracens is derived from cracentis for 'slim, pretty, graceful'. Caucae refers to the Valle del Cauca department . Intricatus stands for 'confusing, complicated', which in turn is derived from intricare for 'confuse'. Borinquensis is derived from the old name Boriquén for the island of Puerto Rico. Caribaeus refers to the Caribbean islands .

literature

  • Jonathan Alderfer (Ed.): Complete Birds of Northamerica. National Geographic, Washington DC 2006, ISBN 0-7922-4175-4 .
  • Johann Friedrich Gmelin: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . tape 1 , no. 2 . Georg Emanuel Beer, Leipzig 1789 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Outram Bangs, Morton Eaton Peck: On some rare and new birds from British Honduras . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 21 , 1908, pp. 43-46 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Elliott Coues: Key to North American birds; containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary. Illustrated by 6 steel plates, and upwards of 250 woodcuts. 1st edition. Dodd and Mead, New York 1872 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Harry Church Oberholser : Description of a new Arizona race of the grasshopper sparrow . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 55 , 1942, pp. 15-16 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot in Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 25 . Chez Deterville, Paris 1818 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edgar Alexander Mearns: Description of three new birds from the Southern United States . In: Proceedings of the United States National Museum . tape 24 , no. 1274 , 1902, pp. 915-926 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Swainson: A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock FLS and HS, and Mr. William Bullock, jun . In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science. (=  New and united series ). tape 1 , 1827, p. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Storrs Lovejoy Olson: The Subspecies Of Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus Savannarum) in Panama (Aves: Emberizinae) . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 93 , 1980, pp. 757-759 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman : Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 31 , no. 16 , 1912, pp. 139–166 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF]).
  • Ernst Hartert: Dr. Ernst Hartert exhibited an example of a new sub-species of Ammodramus . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 19 , no. 133 , 1907, pp. 73-74 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ernst Hartert: The definitely identified birds of the islands of Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 9 , 1902, pp. 295-309 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James Lee Peters: The Porto Rican grasshopper sparrow . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 30 , 1917, pp. 95-96 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .

Web links

Commons : Grasshopper  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Single receipts

  1. ↑ Florida Audubon Society on Ammodramus savannarum floridanus , accessed July 22, 2016
  2. ↑ John B. Dunning Jr. (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses . CRC Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0849342585 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Alderfer (Ed.): Complete Birds of Northamerica. P. 578.
  4. ↑ NB Davies: Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats . T & AD Poyser, London 2000, ISBN 0-85661-135-2 , p. 145
  5. ^ IOC World Bird List Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers
  6. ^ Elliott Coues, p. 137.
  7. ↑ Harry Church Oberholser, p. 15.
  8. ↑ Louis Pierre Vieillot, p. 24.
  9. ↑ a b Edgar Alexander Mearns, p. 915.
  10. ↑ a b William Swainson, p. 435.
  11. ^ Storrs Lovejoy Olson, p. 758.
  12. ↑ Outram Bangs et al. a., p. 45.
  13. ↑ a b Frank Michler Chapman, p. 161.
  14. ^ A b Johann Friedrich Gmelin, p. 921.
  15. ↑ Ernst Hartert (1907), p. 161.
  16. ↑ James Lee Peters, p. 95.
  17. ↑ a b Ernst Hartert (1902), p. 298.
  18. ↑ a b James A. Jobling, p. 45.
  19. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 348.
  20. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 299.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 315.
  22. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 72.
  23. ^ Storrs Lovejoy Olson, p. 759.
  24. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 120.
  25. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 206.