Honey deaf
| Honey deaf | ||||||||||||
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| Russula melliolens | ||||||||||||
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The honey deafness ( Russula melliolens ) is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives . The rare, mostly reddish-colored deafbling occurs in deciduous forests and smells clearly of honey with age. It is easy to identify under the microscope thanks to its almost spherical and typically ornamented spores.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat 5–9 (–12) cm wide and predominantly - but very often differently - colored red. The spectrum ranges from bright red, carmine red, pale flesh pink or orange to apricot-colored. Sometimes the hat is also purple-violet in color and the middle almost blackish (fo. Atropurpurea Sing.). Often the center tends to fade and is more brownish-reddish in color, or it is spotted saffron-colored with age. The edge is not or only slightly grooved and sometimes slightly frosted on the edge. The smooth hat skin is shiny and at least halfway peelable.
The very broad and blunt lamellae are rounded on the stem and almost free. They are whitish when young, then pale cream in color and more yellowish in color with age. They are often spotted ocher brown, especially at the cutting edges, which simulates a darker spore color, so that the deafblings can easily be mistaken for an ocher spore. The vagina, which is more or less rust-stained in old age, is partly overflowing with red. The spore powder is cream-colored ( II-ab after Romagnesi ).
The white, sometimes slightly pink, stalk is (3–) 5–10 (–13) cm long and 1–3 cm wide. It is often slightly swollen and has an irregular silhouette. The stem meat is firm at first, but with age the inside of the stem becomes spongy to hollow. The stem tends to brown from the base and becomes rust-stained and eventually reddish or yellowish-brown with age.
The flesh is whitish at first, then cream-colored to yellowish, and reddish under the cap skin. In injured areas, it tends to turn yellow or brownish. The meat initially has a weak honey odor, but when it dries out, it has a very distinctive honey odor. As it dries, the smell becomes stronger and sometimes even smells like gingerbread and sometimes even almost unpleasant before it goes away. The taste is mild and only in rare cases a little bitter. The meat reacts strongly and clearly with guaiac, whereas iron sulphate only causes a weak pale or dirty pink discoloration.
Microscopic features
The 8–10 (–11) µm long and 7–9 (10) µm wide spores are almost spherical. They have a particularly fine, thin network pattern and small, point-like warts. (A feature that does not appear in European deafblings and that is somewhat reminiscent of the Nigricantinae .) The cystidia are almost 60–80 µm long and 10–15 µm wide. They are blunt or appendiculated and only react weakly with sulfo-benzaldehyde. The basidia are 49–55 (–65) µm long and (10) 13–15 µm wide and each have 4 sterigms per basidium.
There are no primodial hyphae in the cap skin , but cylindrical pileocystidas 4–8 µm wide and sometimes up to 200 µm long , which are usually multiple septates. The sulfo-benzaldehyde reaction is weak. Cuticular hyphal end cells +/- narrowed or frayed, narrow 4–6 (8) µm.
Species delimitation
Young specimens that have not yet developed the typical honey smell can easily be confused with a number of species of deafness. But if you also pay attention to the honey smell, which increases during drying, and if you look at the spore ornamentation, you can determine the deafblings quite reliably.
ecology
The honey-deaf, like all deaflings, is a mycorrhizal fungus , which especially forms a partnership with oak, less often with red beech . It is also very rarely found under pine trees .
The Täubling can be found in hornbeam oak forests , in hardwood meadows , on light forest edges or forest paths and often in parks with old trees. The Täubling prefers shallow, moderately dry to fresh, predominantly slightly acidic and mostly somewhat loamy soils. The fruiting bodies appear from June to October, but mostly between July and August. The fungus occurs in the lowlands and hill country and rises to the lower mountain country. It is rarely found above 600 m.
distribution
The honey blubber is a meridional to temperate species that occurs in the Canaries, North Africa (Morocco), North America (USA) and Europe.
In Germany the species is quite rare and clearly declining, but you can find it from the Baltic Sea to the Upper Rhine. On the red list, it is listed in the risk category RL 2.
Systematics
Inquiry systematics
The honey deaf is the type of the subsection Melliolentinae , which is below the section Polychroma . The subsection contains more or less mild and robust pigeons, the first white flesh of which turns yellow or browns. They have a cream-colored spore powder and often a distinct honey odor.
Subspecies and varieties
- Russula melliolens var. Chrismantiae Maire (1910)
- Russula melliolens f. viridescens Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux 1996
meaning
The honey deaf is considered edible, but should be spared due to its rarity.
literature
- Russula melliolens. In: Russula database. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center, accessed May 21, 2011 .
- Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (PDF; 1.4 MB) In: English translation by M. Bons Russula key :. The Russulales Website, pp. 65f , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved May 21, 2011 .
- H. Romagnesi: Russula melliolens. In: Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (1967). MycoBank, the Fungal website, accessed May 21, 2011 (French).
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Russula melliolens. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 31, 2011 .
- ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 64 .
- ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 504.
- ↑ a b Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (PDF; 1.4 MB) In: English translation by M. Bons Russula key :. The Russulales Website, p. 65 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved May 21, 2011 .
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula melliolens. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 26, 2012 .
- ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula melliolens. Accessed June 7, 2012 (Täubling rare: Vulnerable).
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 293 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula melliolens. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Z. Athanassiou, I. Theochari: Compléments à l'inventaire des Basidiomycètes de Grèce . In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 79, 2001, pp. 401-415 ( online ). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ TV Andrianova and others: Russula melliolens. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas | Russula melliolens. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved May 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Russula melliolens in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
- ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 26, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Spore drawing of Russula melliolens after H. Romagnesi, (1967), website of the CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- Photo (s) of Russula melliolens. Russulales News, accessed May 21, 2011 .
- Russula melliolens. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on June 2, 2014 (Italian, photos from the Honig-Täubling).
