Hoploclonia
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Hoploclonia cuspidata , |
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| Stål , 1875 |
The genus Hoploclonia , native to Borneo, combines relatively small and dark-colored ghost species.
features
The representatives of this genus are very small with 35 to 40 millimeters in the male and 45 to 55 millimeters in the female sex. Both sexes are always wingless and very thorny. The thorns form a characteristic triangle on the mesothorax . At the front, two corner points are created by a pair of widely spaced and, in the females, very flat thorns. While these converge at the front transversely to the body axis and thus form one side of the triangle, the third corner point and the two other sides are created by the thorn edges that taper off flat to the rear. In this area the males still carry a distinct, very close pair of thorns. They are dominated by dark brown, almost black tones, which are complemented by yellow-orange species-specific drawings. The mostly lighter females are less prickly and much more variable in color. Their basic color can vary from light brown to reddish brown to dark brown. As is typical for the representatives of the Obriminae , at the end of the abdomen ( abdomen ) they have a rather short laying spine for laying eggs in the ground. This surrounds the actual ovipositor and is formed ventrally from the eighth sternite , here called the subgenital plate or operculum . Dorsally, it is not formed from the eleventh tergum ( epiproct ) as in other representatives of the Obriminae , but from the tenth tergum.
Way of life and reproduction
The nocturnal animals hide on the ground or in low vegetation during the day. Even at night they do not climb very high to eat. The eggs are laid in the ground by the females with the laying stinger. They are 3.5 to 4.0 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters wide and have a bulging, protruding dorsal area, as well as a cover that slopes down towards the ventral side (see also the structure of the phasmid egg ). The nymphs hatch after 3 to 8 months and need more than half a year to become adult .
Systematics
In 1875 Carl Stål established the genus Hoploclonia . In this he put an already in 1859 by John Obadiah Westwood as Acanthoderus gecko type described. Josef Redtenbacher described 1906 Hoploclonia cuspidata a second type based on a female. In the same work he described the male of this species as Dares haematacanthus . James Abram Garfield Rehn and John WH Rehn described eight other Hoploclonia species in 1939 and assigned some Tisamenus species to the genus Hoploclonia . However, all newly assigned and newly described species later turned out to be representatives of the genus Tisamenus . It was not until 1994 that Philip Bragg found two other Hoploclonia species with Hoploclonia abercrombiei and Hoploclonia apiensis . He also describes two unassignable males that he found in 1995. One animal was found outside the Great Niah Cave in Sarawak . It is similar in proportions and thorns to the Hoploclonia abercrombiei , which is also native there , but has spines on the pronotum that resemble those of Hoploclonia gecko . It also has a single spine on the left side of the fourth abdominal segment, where otherwise only Hoploclonia cuspidata has a complete pair of spines. Bragg thinks it is a variation of Hoploclonia abercrombiei or possibly a hybrid . The second animal is a male nymph who has a pair of spines on the second abdominal segment, more than Hoploclonia gecko , but less than the other two species. It may be a male of Hoploclonia apiensis . Males of this species are still unknown.
Valid types are therefore:
- Hoploclonia abercrombiei Bragg , 1995 (male with two curved yellow marginal stripes on the thorax and two pairs of thorns on the front abdomen )
- Hoploclonia apiensis Bragg , 1995 (so far only the female holotype known)
- Hoploclonia cuspidata Redtenbacher , 1906 (males onlyyellowishin the hip and knee area and with three pairs of thorns on the front abdomen)
- Hoploclonia gecko ( Westwood , 1859) (male with yellow-orange to red longitudinal stitch and without spines on the front abdomen)
Terrariums
Three of the four known so far are present in the terrariums of lovers. The first species to be introduced in 1987 by Philip Bragg was Hoploclonia gecko , which was given the PSG number 110 by the Phasmid Study Group . Also imported by Bragg and Ian Abercrombie in 1994 was a species later described by Bragg as Hoploclonia abercrombiei . For this the PSG number 165 was assigned. The Hoploclonia cuspidata, introduced by Ian Abercrombie in 1994, can be found under PSG number 199 .
All species only need small terrariums with high humidity and a substrate to lay their eggs. They are easy to feed on blackberry or oak foliage .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Paul D. Brock : Phasmida Species File Online . Version 2.1 / 4.0. (accessed December 7, 2010)
- ↑ Ingo Fritzsche : Poles - Carausius, Sipyloidea & Co. , Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-937285-84-9
- ↑ a b Christoph Seiler, Sven Bradler, Rainer Koch: Phasmids - care and breeding of ghosts, stick insects and walking leaves in the terrarium . bede, Ruhmannsfelden 2000, p. 86 u. 137, ISBN 3-933646-89-8
- ↑ a b Josef Redtenbacher : The insect family of the phasmids 1 , Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1906, p. 46 ff. ( File version )
- ^ A b Philip E. Bragg : Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, pp. 110-124, ISBN 983-812-027-8
- ↑ a b stabschrecken.com: Posture reports -Streeching, ghosts, walking leaves , iter novellum Verlag, Saarbrücken 2010, pp. 78–79, ISBN 978-3-00-031913-6
- ↑ JAG Rehn & JWH Rehn: Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938) , Philadelphia 1939, p. 435 ff. ( File version )
- ↑ Phasmid page by Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List ( Memento from December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) (English)
