Tisamenus

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Tisamenus
Tisamenus serratorius, female on the left, male on the right

Tisamenus serratorius ,
female on the left, male on the right

Systematics
Order : Ghost horror (Phasmatodea)
Partial order : Areolatae
Family : Heteropterygidae
Subfamily : Obriminae
Tribe : Tisamenini
Genre : Tisamenus
Scientific name
Tisamenus
Stål , 1875

The genus Tisamenus , which is native to the Philippines, combines relatively small species of ghosts . It is named for the tribes in which it is listed.

Female nymph of Tisamenus deplanata
Pair of Tisamenus sp. ' Ilocos ', which is sometimes also referred to as Tisamenus fratercula 'Ilocos'

features

The representatives of this genus are consistently small with 35 to 43 millimeters in the male and 45 to 67 millimeters in the female sex. Both sexes are always wingless. The often very similar species differ primarily in their species-specific thorns. There are also species that have no or barely recognizable thorns. A triangular structure on the mesonotum is characteristic of all representatives . The short side of this isosceles triangle runs parallel to the leading edge of the mesonotum. The other two sides are longer and, depending on the species, meet more or less after a third of the mesonotum length. From there a mostly clear keel runs in the middle. In some species this begins at the front edge of the mesonotum and can therefore also be recognized on the triangle. Sometimes it extends to the abdomen or even to the end. Thorns are often found on the lateral margins of the thorax , in pairs on the pronotum, and in the middle of the meso- and metanotum. Many representatives also have additional paired and / or centrally arranged spines on the abdomen. The color is mostly dominated by light brown tones. Often, black, light brown to beige patterns can be found, less often even almost white patterns. Males are usually less patterned. With them, the abdomen that appears to be much too narrow is often noticeable when viewed from above. This is especially true for species whose thorax becomes wider and wider towards the metanotum. In the females, the proportions appear more symmetrical, as the abdomen is always wider than in the males. As is typical for the representatives of the Obriminae , they have a laying spine at the end of the abdomen for laying the eggs in the ground, which is rather short in Tisamenus females. It surrounds the actual ovipositor and is formed ventrally from the eighth sternite , here called the subgenital plate or operculum , and dorsally from the eleventh tergum , which is here called the supraanal plate or epiproct .

Way of life and reproduction

The nocturnal animals hide near the ground during the day. Even at night they hardly climb higher than 20 cm on the food plants. The eggs are laid in the ground by the females with the laying stinger. They are 4 to 5 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters wide and usually covered with more or less clear lines of hairs. The micropylar plate has three arms and resembles a "Y" standing on its head. The arm pointing to the lid is significantly longer than the arms pointing to the lower pole (see also the construction of the phasmid egg ). The nymphs hatch after 4 to 6 months and take 5 to 7 months to become adult .

Systematics

In 1875, Carl Stål established the genus Tisamenus in addition to the genus Hoploclonia . For this he established the type species Tisamenus serratorius , which he described in the same work . He also transferred a species described by John Obadiah Westwood in 1848 as Phasma (Pachymorpha) deplanatum (today's name Tisamenus deplanata ) into this genus. At the same time he transferred with Acanthoderus draconinus (today's name Tisamenus draconina ) also a Filipino species into the genus Hoploclonia . In the following almost 130 years, almost all newly discovered species in the Philippines with a similar morphology were placed in the genus Hoploclonia . James Abram Garfield Rehn and John WH Rehn finally synonymized Tisamenus with Hoploclonia in 1939 . Only in 2004 did Oliver Zompro separate the two genera again and put all Filipino species in the genus Tisamenus . The name "Tisamenus" is the Latinized form of the Greek Tisamenos (Τισαμενός), an ancient male given name.

Valid types are:

Terrariums

In the terrariums of the enthusiasts, in addition to some already determined species, many previously scientifically unprocessed breeding lines can be found. The first animals of the genus that were bred in Europe were collected in 2009 by Joachim Bresseel and Thierry Heitzmann in the Quezon province on the island of Luzon . It was found in the Sierra Madre mountains near Real and Real itself. Bresseel, Rob Krijns and Tim Bollens found more animals in 2010. The animals first came to Europe as Tisamenus sp. 'Sierra Madre' or Tisamenus sp. 'Real'. The species was later identified by Bresseel as Tisamenus serratorius . The Phasmid Study Group has it under PSG number 314.

At the end of November 2008, Heitzmann collected a female in Quezon National Park from which another breeding line can be traced back. Animals of this tribe are named Tisamenus sp. Addressed 'Quezon National Park', according to initial assessments, they also belong to Tisamenus serratorius . Bressell, Bollens and Mark Bushell also found other animals on Luzon in the Aurora province near the city of San Luis in Cunayan. These are also similar to Tisamenus serratorius , but have more or more distinct spines, especially along the middle of the body. They are also named after where they were found and Tisamenus sp. Called 'Cunayan'. The Phasmid Study Group has it under PSG number 359.

In October and November 2010, Heitzmann found Tisamenus deplanata in the Pocdol Mountains on Mount Pulog and Mount Osiao in southern Luzon , including the until then unknown males. The resulting breeding line is called Tisamenus deplanata 'Pocdol' and received PSG number 399 from the Phasmid Study Group. In 2014, Heitzmann again collected other, very similar animals in the Ilocos region . They are named after Tisamenus sp. Called 'Ilocos' and listed under PSG number 391. Frank Hennemann identified this as Tisamenus fratercula of which no females were known to date.

Further breeding lines are the Tisamenus sp. Collected by Heitzmann and Albert Kang . ' Sibuyan ' and Tisamenus sp. ' Cagayan '. Another, called Tisamenus sp. Tribe called 'Palaui', comes from the island of Palaui, part of the province of Cagayan . It is similar to Tisamenus sp. 'Cagayan', but is clearly more contrasting and more intensely colored. A breeding line comes from Camarines Norte , which is very similar to Tisamenus clotho and is therefore referred to as Tisamenus cf. clotho 'Camarines' until the species affiliation is clarified . A smaller one than Tisamenus sp. ' Ifugao ' designated species, which was also collected by Heitzmann and Kang in April 2015.

The keeping and breeding of the species mentioned is considered easy. They willingly feed on a wide variety of forage plants such as blackberries , hazel , firethorn , ivy and St. John's herbs . You only need small, moderately moist terrariums with a substrate for laying eggs.

photos

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Tisamenus fraterculata on Phasmatodea.com by Oskar V. Conle and Frank H. Hennemann
  2. ↑ Ingo Fritzsche : Poles - Carausius, Sipyloidea & Co. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-937285-84-9 .
  3. ↑ Christoph Seiler, Sven Bradler , Rainer Koch: Phasmids - care and breeding of ghost horrors, stick insects and walking leaves in the terrarium . bede, Ruhmannsfelden 2000, ISBN 3-933646-89-8 , p. 15.
  4. ↑ a b c d Holger Dräger: Specters of the family Heteropterygidae Kirby , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species. Part 3: The subfamily Obriminae Brunner von Wattenwyl , 1893, Triben Miroceramiini and Eubulidini Zompro , 2004. In: ZAG Phoenix. No. 6 June 2012 Volume 3 (2), ISSN  2190-3476 , pp. 2–21.
  5. ↑ a b Oliver Zompro : Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea) . Goecke & Evers Verlag, Keltern 2004, ISBN 3-931374-39-4 , pp. 200-207.
  6. ^ A b c d Rob Krijns: Speciesreport 43: Tisamenus serratorius Stål, 1875. In: Phasma Werkgroep. No. 82, September 2011, Volume 21, ISSN  1381-3420 , pp. 7–8.
  7. ↑ a b c Comprehensive information on Tisamenus deplanata from Bruno Kneubühler on phasmatodea.com
  8. ^ A b Paul D. Brock : Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 / 5.0 (accessed November 11, 2018)
  9. ^ JAG Rehn & JWH Rehn: Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938). Philadelphia 1939, p. 435 ff. ( File version )
  10. ↑ Phasmatodea page ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Oskar V. Conle and Frank H. Hennemann @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phasmatodea.com
  11. ↑ a b Phasmid Study Group Culture List ( Memento from December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) (English)

Web links

Commons : Tisamenus  - collection of images, videos and audio files