St. John's herbs
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Lower St. John's wort ( Hypericum humifusum , left) |
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| Hypericum | ||||||||||||
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St. John's wort ( Hypericum ), also called Hartheu , is a genus of plants within the St. John's wort family (Hypericaceae). The approximately 500 species are distributed almost worldwide. St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ), also used medically as an antidepressant , is known .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Hypericum species thrive as annual, perennial and perennial herbaceous plants with heights of 5 centimeters or more, as well as shrubs and small trees with heights of up to 12 meters. The opposite leaves are simple and egg-shaped with a length of 1 to 8 centimeters.
Generative characteristics
The hermaphroditic flowers have a diameter of 0.5 to 6 centimeters and are radially symmetrical with a double flower envelope . There are five (rarely four) sepals and five petals each. The many, mostly 70, rarely up to 120 stamens are usually grouped into three to five bundles. There are seldom two, usually three to five free styles or they are partially or completely fused together.
As a rule, a septicidal capsule fruit is formed, which opens after it has dried out and releases numerous small seeds; in a few species the fruit is berry-like and fleshy.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Hypericum was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum with diagnosis in Genera Plantarum erected .
The genus Hypericum is distributed almost worldwide. Species are absent in deserts, arctic regions and the tropical lowlands alone.
Internal system
The genus Hypericum has been divided into 36 sections since 2012:
- Sect. Adenosepalum Spach
- Sect. Adenotrias (Jaub. & Spach) R.Keller
- Sect. Androsaemum (Duhamel) Godron
- Sect. Arthrophyllum Jaub. & Spach
- Sect. Ascyreia Choisy
- Sect. Brathys (Mutis ex L. f.) Choisy
- Sect. Bupleuroides Stef.
- Sect. Campylopus Boiss.
- Sect. Campylosporus (Spach) R.Keller
- Sect. Concinna N.Robson
- Sect. Coridium Spach
- Sect. Crossophyllum Spach
- Sect. Drosocarpium Spach
- Sect. Elodeoida N.Robson
- Sect. Graveolentia N.Robson
- Sect. Heterophylla N. Robson
- Sect. Hirtella Stef.
- Sect. Humifusoideum R.Keller
- Sect. Hypericum
- Sect. Inodora Stef.
- Sect. Monanthema N.Robson
- Sect. Myriandra (Spach) R.Keller
- Sect. Oligostema (Boiss.) Stef.
- Sect. Olympia (Spach) Nyman
- Sect. Origanifolia Stef.
- Sect. Psorophytum (Spach) Nyman
- Sect. Roscyna (Spach) R.Keller
- Sect. Sampsonia N.Robson
- Sect. Santomasia (N.Robson) N.Robson
- Sect. Taeniocarpium Jaub. & Spach
- Sect. Takasagoya (Y.Kimura) N.Robson
- Sect. Triadenioides Jaub. & Spach
- Sect. Trigynobrathys (Y.Kimura) N.Robson
- Sect. Tripentas (Casp.) N. Robson
- Sect. Umbraculoides N.Robson
- Sect. Webbia (Spach) R.Keller
Species and their distribution
The list of around 505 species follows Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): World Checklist of Selected Plant Families = WCSP.
Egyptian St. John's Wort ( Hypericum aegypticum )
St. John's wort ( Hypericum androsaemum ), flower and fruit
Balearic St. John's Wort ( Hypericum balearicum )
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Petite St. John's Wort ( Hypericum elegans )
Marsh John's wort ( Hypericum elodes )
Crowberry-leaved St. John's Wort ( Hypericum empetrifolium )
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Buck's wort ( Hypericum hircinum )
Lower St. John's wort ( Hypericum humifusum )
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St. John's wort ( Hypericum olympicum )
St. John's wort ( Hypericum pulchrum )
Richer St John's Wort ( Hypericum richeri subsp. Burseri )
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- Hypericum abilianum N.Robson : It is only found in Angola .
- Hypericum aciculare Kunth : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru .
- Hypericum aciferum (Greuter) N.Robson : This endemic occurs only in south-western Crete .
- Hypericum acmosepalum N.Robson : It occurs in southern and central China.
- Hypericum acostanum N.Robson : It occurs only in southern Ecuador.
- Hypericum addingtonii N.Robson : It occurs in Yunnan .
- Hypericum adenotrichum Spach : It occurs in western and central Turkey .
- Hypericum adpressum W.PC Barton : It is found in the northern, central, and eastern United States .
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Egyptian St. John's Wort ( Hypericum aegypticum L. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region in three subspecies, including:
- Hypericum aegypticum subsp. webbii (Spach) N.Robson : This subspecies occurs in Sicily , Sardinia , Greece and Crete.
- Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. : The two subspecies are distributed from southern tropical Africa to southern Africa .
- Hypericum afrum Lam. : It occurs from northern Algeria to northwestern Tunisia .
- Hypericum albiflorum (Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum amblycalyx Coust. & Gand. : This endemic occurs only in eastern Crete.
- Hypericum amblysepalum Hochst. : It occurs in the area of Israel , Jordan , Syria , Lebanon , Iraq , Iran and Turkey.
- Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schltdl. : It is distributed from southwestern Canada to Baja California .
- Hypericum andinum Gleason : It occurs in Bolivia and Peru.
- Hypericum andjerinum Font Quer & Pau : This endemic occurs only in northern Morocco .
- St. John's wort , male blood ( Hypericum androsaemum L. )
- Hypericum annulatum Moris : It occurs in three subspecies on the Balkan Peninsula , in Sardinia , in northeastern and eastern tropical Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula .
- Hypericum aphyllum Lundell : It is only found in Belize .
- Hypericum apiculatum (N.Robson) Sennikov : It occurs in the Crimea , from Turkey to northwestern Iran and to Central Asia .
- Hypericum apocynifolium Small : It is found in the central and southeastern United States.
- Hypericum apricum Kar. & Kir. : It occurs in Central Asia .
- Hypericum arbuscula Standley & Steyerm. : It occurs in Mexico and Guatemala .
- Hypericum arenarioides A.Rich. : This endemic occurs only from western to western-central Cuba .
- Hypericum armenum Jaub. & Spach : It occurs in two subspecies from eastern Turkey to northern Iran.
- Hypericum asahinae Makino : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
- Hypericum ascyron L .: It occurs in three subspecies in temperate Asia and from eastern Canada to the USA.
- Hypericum asperuloides Czern. ex Turcz. : It occurs in the northern Caucasus region.
- Hypericum asperulum Jaub. & Spach : It occurs from northern Iraq to northwestern Iran .
- Hypericum asplundii N.Robson : It occurs in Ecuador .
- Hypericum assamicum S.N.Biswas : This endemic occurs only in Assam .
- Hypericum athoum Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs only in northeastern Greece.
- Hypericum atomarium Boiss. : It occurs from southeastern Greece and from islands of the Aegean Sea to western and southwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum attenuatum fish. ex Choisy : It occurs from southern Siberia to China.
- Hypericum aucheri Jaub. & Spach : It occurs in Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey.
- Hypericum augustini N.Robson : It occurs in southern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou.
- Hypericum auriculatum (N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson : It occurs only in southern Turkey.
- Hypericum australe Ten. : It occurs in the Balearic Islands , France , Corsica , Italy , Sardinia , Sicily , Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
- Hypericum austrobrasiliense Vog.Ely, Boldrini & Bordignon : It was first described in 2015 from southern Brazil.
- Hypericum austroyunnanicum L.H.Wu & DPYang : It occurs in western Yunnan.
- Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. & Spach : It only occurs in Turkey.
- Hypericum baccharoides Cuatrec. : It occurs from northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Balearic St. John's Wort ( Hypericum balearicum L. ): Originally only found in the Balearic Islands.
- Hypericum balfourii N.Robson : This endemic occurs only in north-northeastern Socotra .
- Hypericum barbatum Jacq. : It occurs only in southern Italy , in Austria and on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Hypericum beamanii N.Robson : It occurs in Guatemala .
- Hypericum beanii N.Robson : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou.
- Hypericum beccarii N.Robson : It occurs in two subspecies from Sumatra to western Java .
- Hypericum bellum H.L. Li : It occurs from the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh to China.
- Hypericum benghalense S.N. Biswas : It occurs in the Indian state of West Bengal .
- Hypericum bequaertii De Wild. : It occurs in Zaire , Kenya and Uganda .
- Hypericum bifurcatum N.Robson : It occurs in New Guinea .
- Hypericum bilgehan-bilgilii Basköse & Savran : It was first described from Turkey in 2018.
- Hypericum bithynicum Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and in Transcaucasia .
- Hypericum boehlingraabei Kit Tan, Iatrou, Vold & Strid : Greece.
- Hypericum bolivaricum N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum bordignonii Vog.Ely & Boldrini : It was first described from Brazil in 2015.
- Hypericum boreale Britton : Central and eastern Canada to the north-central and eastern USA.
- Hypericum bourgaei (Boiss.) N.Robson : West-central and central Turkey.
- Hypericum brachyphyllum (Spach) Steud. : Southeastern USA.
- Hypericum brasiliense Choisy (Syn .: Hypericum anceps Larranaga ): Brazil to Bolivia and northern Argentina.
- Hypericum brevistylum Choisy : Western South America to northwestern Argentina.
- Hypericum bryoides Gleason : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum buckleyi M.A.Curtis : Eastern USA.
- Hypericum bupleuroides Stef. : Northeast Turkey to western Transcaucasia.
- Hypericum caespitosum Cham. & Schltdl. : Central and south-central Chile.
- Hypericum callacallanum N.Robson : Northern Peru.
- Hypericum callithyrsum Coss. : Northern Morocco and Southern Spain .
- Large Chalice St. John's Wort , Evergreen St. John's Wort ( Hypericum calycinum L. ): Southeastern Bulgaria to Turkey.
- Hypericum campestre Cham. & Schltdl. : It occurs in three subspecies from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
- Hypericum canadense L .: It occurs in Canada and the USA. It is naturalized on heathland in Ireland and the Netherlands.
- Hypericum canariense L .: It occurs in Madeira and the Canary Islands.
- Hypericum capitatum Choisy : It occurs in two varieties in southern and southeastern Turkey and in the area of Lebanon and Syria.
- Hypericum caprifoliatum Cham. & Schltdl. : It occurs from southern Brazil to Argentina.
- Hypericum caprifolium Boiss. : This endemic occurs only in Spain .
- Hypericum caracasanum Willd. : It occurs in two subspecies in northwestern and northern Venezuela.
- Hypericum cardiophyllum Boiss. : It occurs from south-southeastern Turkey to northwestern Syria.
- Hypericum cardonae Cuatrec. : Costa Rica to northwestern Venezuela .
- Hypericum carinatum Griseb. : Southern Brazil to Northern Argentina.
- Hypericum carinosum R.Keller : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum cassiopiforme N.Robson : It occurs only in northern Peru.
- Hypericum castellanoi N.Robson : It occurs from Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum cavernicola L.B.Sm. : It only occurs in Uruguay .
- Hypericum cerastoides (Spach) N.Robson : It occurs in Bulgaria, North Macedonia , Greece, European Turkey and Anatolia.
- Hypericum chamaemyrtus Triana & Planchon : It occurs in two subspecies from Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum chapmanii W.P. Adams : This endemic is only found in northwest Florida .
- Hypericum choisyanum Wallich ex N.Robson : Northern Pakistan to China.
- Hypericum cistifolium Lam. : Southeast USA to East Texas .
- Hypericum coadunatum C.Sm. ex Link : This endemic occurs only in Gran Canaria .
- Hypericum cohaerens N.Robson : Guizhou, Yunnan.
- Hypericum collenetteae N.Robson : Western Saudi Arabia .
- Hypericum collinum Schltdl. & Cham. : Mexico.
- Hypericum concinnum Benth. : Northern and Central California.
- Hypericum conjungens N.Robson : Southwest Tanzania to Zambia .
- Hypericum connatum Lam. : Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina.
- Hypericum cordifolium Choisy : Central and Eastern Nepal .
- Hypericum cordiforme A.St.-Hil. (Syn .: Hypericum cordatum (Vell.) N. Robson ): Brazil.
- Whorl- leaved St. John's Wort ( Hypericum coris L. ): It occurs only in south-east France , in northern Italy and in Switzerland .
- Hypericum costaricense N.Robson : Costa Rica to Panama .
- Hypericum crenulatum Boiss. (Syn .: Hypericum musadoganii Yild. ): Turkey.
- Hypericum crux-andreae (L.) Cr. : Eastern USA to Eastern Texas.
- Hypericum cuatrecasii Gleason : Central Colombia.
- Hypericum cuisinii W.Barbey : It occurs only in Greece, Crete, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and in western Turkey.
- Hypericum cumulicola (Small) WR Adams : Florida coast.
- Hypericum curvisepalum N.Robson : China.
- Hypericum cycladicum Trigas : It wasfirst describedin 2018 from the Greek island of Andros .
- Hypericum cymbiferum Boiss. & Balansa : West-Central Turkey.
- Hypericum cymobrathys N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum daliense N.Robson : Northern Yunnan.
- Hypericum davisii N.Robson : Eastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
- Hypericum decaisneanum Coss. & Daveau : Northeastern Libya.
- Hypericum decandrum Turcz. : Ecuador to northern Peru.
- Hypericum delphicum Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs only on the Greek islands of Euboea and Andros.
- Hypericum densiflorum Pursh : It occurs in two varieties and in the eastern United States.
- Hypericum densifolium P.D. Sell : It wasfirst describedfrom Great Britain in 2018.
- Hypericum denticulatum Walter : New York to Tennessee and Alabama .
- Hypericum denudatum A.St.Hil. : Southern Brazil to Argentina.
- Hypericum dichotomum Lam. : Hispaniola .
- Hypericum diosmoides Griseb. : Cuba to Puerto Rico .
- Hypericum dogonbadanicum Assadi : Southwestern Iran.
- Hypericum dolabriforme Vent. : East-central USA.
- Hypericum drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torrey & A.Gray : Central and Eastern USA.
- Hypericum dyeri Rehder : Northern Pakistan to Nepal.
- Hypericum eastwoodianum I.M. Johnston : Mexico .
- Hypericum edisonianum (Small) WPAdams : Florida.
- Hypericum ekeri E. Yüce & Aytaç : The species first described in 2017 occurs in Turkey.
- Hypericum ekmanii A.H. Lioger : This endemic species only occurs in the Dominican Republic .
- Hypericum elatoides R.Keller : China.
- Petite St. John's Wort ( Hypericum elegans Stephan ex Willd. ): Central Europe to Turkey and Siberia.
- Hypericum eleonorae Jelen. : This endemic occurs only in southeastern Armenia .
- Hypericum ellipticum Hook. : Eastern Canada to USA.
- Hypericum elodeoides Choisy : It occurs in two subspecies from the Himalayas to southern China.
- Marsh St. John's Wort ( Hypericum elodes L. ): It occurs in western and south- western Europe , from Portugal and Scotland to Germany and Italy and on the Azores .
- Hypericum elongatum Ledeb. ex Rchb. : It occurs in four varieties from Turkey to northwest China and the Crimea.
- Crowberry-leaved St. John's wort ( Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. ): It occurs in three subspecies from Greece to western Turkey and north-eastern Libya and northern Albania.
- Hypericum enshiense L.H.Wu & FSWang : Hubei.
- Hypericum epigeium R. Keller : Mexico to Guatemala.
- Hypericum erectum Thunb. (Syn .: Hypericum chejuense S.-J. Park & KJKim ): It occurs in three varieties and in at least seven forms from southern China and southern Sakhalin to temperate East Asia.
- Hypericum ericoides L .: It occurs only in eastern and southeastern Spain.
- Hypericum erythreae (Spach) Steud. : It occurs from southeastern South Carolina to southeastern Georgia.
- Hypericum espinalii N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum faberi R.Keller : Central and Eastern China.
- Hypericum fanjingense N.Robson : Guizhou and Hunan.
- Hypericum fasciculatum Lam. : Southeastern USA and Cuba.
- Hypericum fieriense N.Robson : This endemic occurs only on Socotra .
- Hypericum fissural woron . : Northeast Turkey.
- Hypericum foliosum Aiton : This endemic occurs only in the Azores .
- Hypericum formosanum Maxim. : Northern Taiwan .
- Hypericum formosissimum Takht. : Southeast Turkey to Transcaucasia.
- Hypericum formosum Kunth : Northern and Central Mexico.
- Hypericum forrestii (Chittenden) N.Robson : China to northeast Myanmar.
- Hypericum fosteri N.Robson : Northeastern Yunnan.
- Hypericum fragile hero Dr. & Sart. ex Boiss. : It occurs only in Eastern Greece.
- Hypericum frondosum Michx. : Southeast USA to Texas.
- Hypericum fuertesii Urban : Central and southwestern Hispaniola.
- Hypericum fursei N.Robson : Northern Iran.
- Hypericum furusei N.Robson : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Hokkaido .
- Hypericum gaitii Haines : Eastern and Southern India.
- Hypericum galinum S.F.Blake Mexico.
- Hypericum galioides Lam. : Southeast USA to East Texas.
- Hypericum garcieae Pierce : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum geminiflorum Hemsley : It occurs in two subspecies from Taiwan to Luzon.
- Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton : It is native to eastern Canada and the central and eastern United States and is a neophyte in France and South America.
- Hypericum gladiatum N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum glandulosum Aiton : Madeira, Canary Islands.
- Hypericum gleasonii N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum globuliferum R. Keller : Madagascar .
- Hypericum gnidiifolium A. Rich. : Ethiopia .
- Hypericum gnidioides sailor : Honduras , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Costa Rica, Panama.
- Hypericum goyanesii Cuatrec. : Central Colombia.
- Hypericum gracilipes Stapf ex C. Fischer : Assam to southeastern Bangladesh.
- Hypericum graciliramum R. Ortiz : It was first described from Great Britain in 2018.
- Hypericum gracillimum Koidz. : Honshu .
- Hypericum gramineum G. Forster : Assam to Taiwan, New Guinea, New Caledonia and Australia to New Zealand.
- Hypericum grandifolium Choisy : Madeira, Canary Islands.
- Hypericum graveolens Bucklcy : Tennessee and North Carolina.
- Hypericum griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms, ex Dyer : Eastern Himalayas to southeastern Tibet .
- Hypericum gymnanthum Engelm. & A.Gray : It is native to the USA, from Guatemala to Honduras and the Azores and occurs as a neophyte in Poland.
- Hypericum hachijyoense Nakai : Japan.
- Hypericum hakonense Franch. & Savat. : Honshu.
- Hypericum haplophylloides Halácsy & Bald. : It occurs in two subspecies in southern Albania .
- Hypericum harperi R. Keller : Southeastern USA.
- Hypericum hartwegii Benth. : Ecuador.
- Hypericum havvae Güner : Turkey.
- Hypericum hedgei N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. : Southeastern Turkey to Turkmenistan and Iran.
- Hypericum hengshanense W.T.Wang : Southeast China.
- Hypericum henryi H. Léveillé & Vaniot : It occurs in three subspecies from China to Indochina and Sumatra.
- Hypericum heterophyllum Vent. : Turkey.
- Hypericum himalaicum N.Robson : Northern Pakistan to China.
- Buck's wort ( Hypericum hircinum L. ): It occurs in five subspecies from the Mediterranean to the Arabian Peninsula.
- Hairy St. John's Wort ( Hypericum hirsutum L. ): It occurs in northern Algeria and from Europe to China and Iran.
- Hypericum hirtellum (Spach) Boiss. : Iraq and Iran. There are two varieties.
- Hypericum hispanicum (Pau) MAAlonso, Agulló, JLVillar, Juan & MBCrespo : Southeastern Spain.
- Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Am. : Southern India, Nepal to Indochina.
- Hypericum Horizontal N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum hubeiense L.H.Wu & DPYang : Hubei.
- Hypericum huber-morathii N.Robson : Southwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum humbertii Staner : Southwest Uganda to Burundi .
- Hypericum humboldtianum Steud. : Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Lower St. John's wort ( Hypericum humifusum L. ): Europe to northwest Africa and Macaronesia.
- Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Cr. : USA to Honduras, Caribbean. There are three subspecies.
- Hypericum hyssopifolium Chaix : It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, on the Balkan Peninsula , in Armenia and in the Ukraine.
- Hypericum icaricum Kit Tan : It wasfirst describedin 2018 from the eastern Aegean island of Ikaria .
- Hypericum ichelense N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum imbricatum Poulter : Turkey.
- Hypericum irazuense Kuntze ex N.Robson : Costa Rica and Panama.
- Hypericum iwate-littorale H.Koidz. : Northeastern Honshu.
- Hypericum japonicum Thunb. (Syn .: Hypericum jeongjocksanense S.-J. Park & K.-J.Kim ): Indian subcontinent to the Kuril Islands and Australasia.
- Hypericum jaramilloi N.Robson : Costa Rica and Colombia.
- Hypericum jovis Greuter : This endemic occurs only in Crete.
- Hypericum juniperinum Kunth : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.
- Hypericum kalmianum L .: Eastern Canada to northeast USA.
- Hypericum kamtschaticum Ledeb. : Russia's Far East to Japan.
- Hypericum karjaginii Rzazade : Turkey to northwestern Iran.
- Hypericum kawaranum N.Robson : Northern Japan.
- Hypericum kelleri Soon. : This endemic occurs only in Crete.
- Hypericum kiboense olive. : Mountains of Eastern Tropical Africa.
- Hypericum killipii N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum kimurae N.Robson : Western Hokkaido.
- Hypericum kinashianum Koidz. : Honshu and Kyushu.
- Hypericum kingdonii N.Robson : Arunachal Pradesh to Yunnan.
- Hypericum kitamense (Y.Kimura) N.Robson : Northwestern Hokkaido.
- Hypericum kiusianum Koidz. : Southern and south-central Japan. There are two varieties.
- Hypericum kotschyanum Boiss. : Southern Turkey.
- Hypericum kouytchense H.Léveillé : Guizhou and Guangxi.
- Hypericum kurodakeanum N.Robson : Northern Japan.
- Hypericum lacei N.Robson : Myanmar.
- Hypericum lagarocaule N.Robson : Sichuan.
- Hypericum lalandii Choisy : Nigeria, southern Sudan to southern Africa, Madagascar.
- Hypericum lancasteri N.Robson : China.
- Hypericum lanceolatum Lam. : It occurs in two subspecies on the Comoros and on Réunion.
- Hypericum lancifolium Gleason : Northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum lancioides Cuatrec. : It occurs in two subspecies from northwestern Venezuela to Ecuador.
- Hypericum lanuginosum Lam. : Southern Turkey to the Sinai Peninsula, Cyprus .
- Hypericum laricifolium Juss. : Northwestern Venezuela to Peru.
- Hypericum latisepalum (N.Robson) N.Robson : Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Hypericum laxiflorum N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum legrandii L.B.Sm. : Uruguay.
- Hypericum leprosum Boiss. : Southwest Turkey.
- Hypericum leschenaultii Choisy : Sumatra to Sulawesi.
- Hypericum libanoticum N.Robson : Lebanon to southwestern Syria.
- Hypericum limosum Griseb. : Western Cuba.
- Hypericum linariifolium Vahl : It occurs in Madeira , Spain, Portugal , France and Great Britain .
- Hypericum linarioides Bosse : It occurs in two subspecies on the Balkan Peninsula, in Turkey, Armenia and the Ukraine.
- Hypericum linoides A. St. Hil. : Brazil to northeast Argentina.
- Hypericum lissophloeus W.P. Adams : Northwest Florida.
- Hypericum llanganaticum N.Robson : Central Ecuador.
- Hypericum lloydii (Svenson) WPAdams : Southeastern United States.
- Hypericum lobbii N.Robson : Assam.
- Hypericum lobocarpum Gatt . : Central USA to western Alabama.
- Hypericum longistylum olive. : It occurs in two subspecies in central and southern China.
- Hypericum lorentzianum Gilg ex R.Keller : southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
- Hypericum loxense Benth. : It occurs in two subspecies from Ecuador to Peru.
- Hypericum ludlowii N.Robson : Bhutan to northwestern Yunnan.
- Hypericum lycium (N.Robson & Hub.-Mor.) N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum lycopodioides Triana & Planchon : Colombia.
- Hypericum lydium Boiss. : Turkey to Lebanon and western Iran, Crimea.
- Hypericum lysimachioides Boiss. & Noe : It comes in two varieties from Turkey to western Iran.
- Hypericum macgregorii F. Mull. : New Guinea.
- Hypericum maclarenii N.Robson : Western Sichuan.
- Spotted St. John's Wort ( Hypericum maculatum Crantz , Syn .: Hypericum dubium Leers ): It occurs in three subspecies from Europe to Siberia.
- Hypericum macvaughii N.Robson : Northeastern Mexico.
- Hypericum madagascariense (Spach) Steudel : Northern and central Madagascar.
- Hypericum magdalenicum N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum magniflorum Cuatrec. : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum maguirei N.Robson : Southern Ecuador.
- Hypericum majus (A.Gray) Britton : It is native to Canada and the USA and occurs in Central Europe in France and Japan as a neophyte .
- Hypericum malatyanum Peşmen : Central Turkey.
- Hypericum marahuacanum N.Robson : It occurs in four subspecies from Colombia to Venezuela.
- Hypericum marginatum Woron. : Turkey.
- Hypericum martense N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum matangense N.Robson : Southeast Ecuador.
- Hypericum mexicanum L .: Colombia and Venezuela.
- Hypericum microcalycinum Boiss. & Hero. : Southwest Turkey.
- Hypericum microlicioides L.B.Sm. : Southern Brazil.
- Hypericum microsepalum (Torrey & Gray) A. Gray ex S. Watson : Alabama to northern Florida.
- Hypericum millefolium Urban & Ekman : Haiti .
- Hypericum minutiflorum Heenan : North Island of New Zealand.
- Hypericum minutum Davis & Poulter : Southwest Turkey.
- Hypericum momoseanum Makino : Honshu.
- Hypericum monadenum N.Robson : Southern Turkey.
- Hypericum monanthemum Hook. f. & Thomson ex Dyer : It occurs in two subspecies from Nepal to China.
- Hypericum monogynum L .: Central and southern China, Taiwan.
- Hypericum monroi N.Robson : Costa Rica to Panama.
- Mountain St. John's Wort ( Hypericum montanum L. ): Europe to the Caucasus, Northwest Africa.
- Hypericum montbretii Spach : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula, in Western Asia and in Ukraine .
- Hypericum moranense Kunth : Mexico.
- Hypericum mutilum L .: It occurs in Canada, the USA and eastern Mexico.
- Hypericum myrianthum Cham. & Schltdl. : It occurs in two subspecies from Brazil to northeast Argentina.
- Hypericum myricariifolium Hieron. : Central Colombia.
- Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. : Southeastern USA.
- Hypericum mysurense Wall. ex Wight & Am. : Southern India, Sri Lanka .
- Hypericum nagasawae Hayata : Taiwan.
- Hypericum nakaii H. Koidz. : It occurs in three subspecies in Hokkaido.
- Hypericum nakamurae (Masamune) N.Robson : Taiwan.
- Hypericum nanum Poir. : Lebanon to southwestern Syria. There are two varieties.
- Hypericum natalense J.M.Wood & MSEvans : Southern Africa.
- Hypericum naudinianum Coss. & Durieu : Algeria and Morocco.
- Hypericum neurocalycinum Boiss. & Hero. : Turkey.
- Hypericum nikkoense Makino : Honshu.
- Hypericum nitidum Lam. : It occurs in three subspecies in the southeastern United States, in Belize and in Cuba.
- Hypericum nokoense Ohwi : Taiwan.
- Hypericum nudiflorum Michx. ex Willd. : Southeastern USA.
- Hypericum nummularioides Trautv. : Northeast Turkey to the western Caucasus.
- Penny-leaved St. John's wort ( Hypericum nummularium L. ): It occurs only in the Pyrenees , in northern Spain, in the French Alps and used to be found in Italy.
- Hypericum nuporoense N.Robson : Northern Hokkaido.
- Hypericum oaxacanum R. Keller ex N. Robson : Mexico.
- Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy : Northern Pakistan to central Nepal.
- Hypericum oligandrum Milne-Redh. : From the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Caprivi Strip.
- Hypericum oliganthum Franch. & Savat. : South Korea , central and southern Japan.
- Hypericum olivieri (Spach) Boiss. : Southeast Turkey to northern Iraq and northwestern Jordan.
- St John's wort ( Hypericum olympicum L. ): It occurs in two varieties and two forms on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey.
- Hypericum orientale L .: Turkey to the Caucasus.
- Hypericum origanifolium Willd. : It occurs in two varieties from Turkey to the Caucasus and northwestern Syria.
- Hypericum ovalifolium Koidz. : Honshu.
- Hypericum oxyphyllum N.Robson : Western Sichuan.
- Hypericum pachyphyllum Collett & Hemsley : Northern Myanmar.
- Hypericum pallens Banks & Solander : Southern Turkey to Lebanon.
- Hypericum pamphylicum N.Robson & P.Davis : Turkey.
- Hypericum papillare Boiss. & Balansa : East-Central Turkey.
- Hypericum papillosum N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum papuanum Ridl. : New Guinea.
- Hypericum parallelum N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum paramitanum N.Robson : Northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum parvulum Greene : Northern Mexico.
- Large-flowered St. John's wort ( Hypericum patulum Thunb. ): The home is Sichuan and Guizhou.
- Hypericum pauciflorum Kunth : Texas to Mexico.
- Hypericum paucifolium S. Watson : Texas to Mexico.
- Hypericum pedersenii N.Robson : Brazil.
- Hypericum peninsulare Eastw. : Mexico.
- Hypericum peplidifolium A.Rich. : From Bioko to Eritrea and southern tropical Africa.
- St. John's wort ( Hypericum perfoliatum L. ): Macaronesia to southwestern Turkey.
- Real St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L. ): It is widely used medicinally. It occurs in four subspecies from Europe to China, Macaronesia, northwest Africa, and southwest Sudan.
- Hypericum peshmenii Yildirmli : Turkey.
- Hypericum petiolulatum Hook. f. & Thomson ex Dyer : It occurs in two subspecies from Nepal to southern China and northern Vietnam.
- Hypericum phellos Gleason : It occurs in four subspecies from northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum philonotis Schltdl. & Cham. : Mexico to Honduras.
- Hypericum pibairense (Miyabe & Y.Kimura) N.Robson : Northern Japan.
- Hypericum pimeleoides Planchon & Linden ex Triana & Planchon : Colombia.
- Hypericum piriai Arechav. : Brazil to Uruguay.
- Hypericum pleiostylum C. Rodr. Jim. : Southeastern Brazil.
- Hypericum podocarpoides N.Robson : Himalaya.
- Hypericum polyanthemum Klotsch ex Reichardt : Southern Brazil to Uruguay.
- Hypericum polyphyllum Boiss. & Balansa : Southern Turkey to northwestern Syria.
- Hypericum pratense Schltdl. & Cham. : Southern Mexico to Nicaragua.
- Hypericum prattii Hemsley : China.
- Hypericum prietoi N.Robson : Ecuador.
- Hypericum pringlei S. Watson : Northeastern and central Mexico.
- Hypericum prolificum L .: Southeastern Canada and central and eastern USA.
- Hypericum prostratum Cuatrec. : Northeastern and Central Colombia.
- Hypericum pruinatum Boiss. & Balansa : Northeast Turkey to Southwest Georgia.
- Hypericum przewalskii Maxim. : Northern and Central China.
- Hypericum pseudoerectum N.Robson : Northern Japan.
- Hypericum pseudohenryi N.Robson : Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Hypericum pseudolaeve N.Robson : Turkey to Transcaucasia.
- Hypericum pseudomaculatum Bush : Central and Southeastern United States.
- Hypericum pseudopetiolatum R. Keller : Japan.
- Hypericum pseudorepens N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum psilophytum (Diels) Maire : Southern Morocco to Tunisia.
- Hypericum pubescens Boiss. : It occurs in Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
- Beautiful St. John's Wort ( Hypericum pulchrum L. ): Northwestern and western Europe to northwestern Croatia .
- Hypericum pulogense Merr. : Northern Luzon.
- Hypericum pumilio Bornm. : Central Turkey.
- Hypericum pumilum Sessé & Mocino : It occurs in two subspecies in northeastern and central Mexico.
- Hypericum punctatum Lam. : Eastern Canada to central and eastern USA.
- Hypericum pycnophyllum Urb. : It occurs in the Dominican Republic.
- Hypericum qinlingense X.C.Du & Y.Ren : Shaanxi.
- Hypericum quartinianum A. Rich. : Ethiopia to southern tropical Africa, southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
- Hypericum quitense R. Keller : Ecuador.
- Hypericum radfordiorum Weakley ex Allison : North Carolina.
- Hypericum radicans N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum recurvum N.Robson : Peru.
- Hypericum reflexum L. f. : Canary Islands.
- Hypericum relictum N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum repens L .: Cyprus.
- Hypericum reptans Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Dyer : It occurs in two subspecies from Nepal to northwestern Yunnan.
- Hypericum retusum Aucher : Southeastern Turkey to northern Iraq and northern Syria.
- Hypericum revolutum Vahl : It occurs in two subspecies from southeastern Nigeria, Bioko and Eritrea to South Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
- Richers St. John's Wort ( Hypericum richeri Vill. ): It occurs in three subspecies in the mountains of southern Europe and central Europe to the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains.
- Hypericum rigidum A. St. Hil. : It occurs in four subspecies in southeastern and southern Brazil.
- Hypericum roberti Coss. ex batt. : It occurs from north-east Algeria to north-west Tunisia.
- Hypericum robsonii H.A.Keller & S.Crockett : The species first described in 2015 occurs in Argentina.
- Hypericum rochelii Griseb. & Schenk : It only occurs in Romania , Bulgaria, Greece and the former Yugoslavia .
- Hypericum roeperianum W.G. Schimper ex A.Rich. : Guinea, Nigeria to Cameroon, Ethiopia to Mpumalanga .
- Hypericum roraimense Gleason : Southern Venezuela to Guayana.
- Hypericum rotundifolium N.Robson : Southwest Guizhou.
- Hypericum rubicundulum Heenan : New Zealand.
- Hypericum rubritinctum N.Robson : Mexico.
- Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. : It occurs in two subspecies only on the Balkan Peninsula and in southern Romania.
- Hypericum rupestre Jaub. & Spach : Southern Turkey.
- Hypericum ruscoides Cuatrec. : Colombia to Ecuador.
- Hypericum russeggeri (Fenzl) R.Keller : Turkey to northwestern Syria.
- Hypericum sabiniforme Trevir. : Colombia.
- Hypericum salsolifolium Hand.-Mazz. : Southern Turkey.
- Hypericum salsugineum N.Robson & Hub.-Mor. : Turkey.
- Hypericum salvadorense N.Robson : Brazil.
- Hypericum sampsonii Hance : China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Japan and Taiwan.
- Hypericum saruwagedicum Diels : New Guinea.
- Hypericum saturejifolium Jaub. & Spach (Syn .: Hypericum confertum Choisy nom. Illeg.): West-central Turkey.
- Hypericum saxifragum Robson & Hub.-Mor. : Turkey.
- Hypericum scabroides N.Robson & Poulter : Eastern Turkey.
- Hypericum scabrum L .: Turkey to Lebanon and China.
- Hypericum scioanum Chiov. : Ethiopia to northwestern Zambia.
- Hypericum scopulorum Balf.f. : Socotra.
- Hypericum scouleri Hook. : Western Canada to Mexico.
- Hypericum scruglii Bacch., Brullo & Salmeri : Sardinia.
- Hypericum Sechmenii Ocak & Koyuncu : Northwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum selaginella N.Robson : Colombia.
- Hypericum senanense Maxim. : It occurs in two subspecies on Honshu.
- Hypericum seniawinii Maxim. : Southern China to Northern Vietnam.
- Hypericum bekakuinsulare Hatusima : Nansei Islands.
- Hypericum setosum L .: Southeastern USA to eastern Texas.
- Hypericum sewense N.Robson : New Guinea.
- Hypericum sherriffii N.Robson : Southeastern Bhutan.
- Hypericum siamense N.Robson : Northern Thailand.
- Hypericum sikokumontanum Makino : Southern Japan.
- Hypericum silenoides Juss. : It occurs in two subspecies from Mexico to Honduras and from western South America to northwestern Argentina.
- Hypericum simonsii N.Robson : Northeastern Colombia.
- Hypericum sinaicum Hochst. ex Boiss. : Southwestern Jordan to northwestern Saudi Arabia.
- Hypericum smithii (N.Robson) N.Robson : Central and Eastern Socotra.
- Hypericum socotranum Good : Northwestern Socotra.
- Hypericum somaliense N.Robson : Northeastern Somalia.
- Hypericum sorgerae N.Robson : Turkey.
- Hypericum spectabile Jaub. & Spach : Southeast Turkey.
- Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. : Southeast Canada to central and eastern USA.
- Hypericum sprucei N.Robson : Ecuador to northern Peru.
- Hypericum spruneri Boiss. : It occurs only in Italy and on the western Balkan peninsula.
- Hypericum stellatum N.Robson : Chongqing.
- Hypericum stenobotrys Boiss. : Southern Turkey to Lebanon.
- Hypericum stenopetalum : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum steyermarkii Standley : Mexico and Guatemala.
- Hypericum strictum Kunth (including Hypericum graciliforme N.Robson ): It occurs in two subspecies in Colombia.
- Hypericum struthiolifolium Juss. : Northern and Central Peru.
- Hypericum stuebelii Hieron. : Northern Peru.
- Hypericum styphelioides A.Rich. : It occurs in three subspecies in Cuba.
- Hypericum subalatum Hayata : Northern and northeastern Taiwan.
- Hypericum subcordatum (R.Keller) N.Robson : Shaanxi and Sichuan.
- Hypericum subsessile N.Robson : Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Hypericum suffruticosum W.P. Adams & N.Robson : Southeastern USA.
- Hypericum swinkianum G. Wilh. & Rericha : The species first described in 2016 occurs in the northern United States.
- Hypericum synstylum N.Robson : Eastern Ethiopia to Northern Somalia.
- Hypericum taihezanense Sasaki ex S. Suzuki ; Guangdong to northern Borneo, western Sumatra.
- Hypericum taygeteum Quézel & Contandr. : This endemic occurs only in the Taygetos Mountains in southern Greece.
- Hypericum tenuicaule Hook. f. & Thoms. ex Dyer : Eastern Nepal to Bhutan .
- Hypericum tenuifolium Pursh : Southeastern United States.
- Hypericum teretiusculum A. St. Hil. : Southern Brazil to Paraguay.
- Hypericum ternatum Poulter : Southwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum ternum A. St. Hil. : Brazil.
- Hypericum terrae-firmae Sprague & Riley : Belize.
- Hypericum tetrapetalum Lam. : Alabama to Florida, Cuba.
- Winged St. John's Wort ( Hypericum tetrapterum Fries ): it occurs in three varieties from Europe to the Caucasus and from the Mediterranean region to Iran.
- Hypericum tetrastichum Cuatrec. : Northeastern Colombia to northwestern Venezuela.
- Hypericum thasium Griseb. : It occurs only on the southeastern Balkan Peninsula.
- Hypericum theodori Woron. : Eastern Azerbaijan .
- Hypericum thesiifolium Kunth : Costa Rica to Venezuela.
- Hypericum thuyoides Kunth : It occurs in Colombia .
- Hypericum thymbrifolium Boiss. & Noe : Turkey.
- Hypericum thymifolium Banks & Solander : Southern Turkey to Israel.
- Hypericum thymopsis Boiss. : East-central Turkey.
- Hypericum tomentosum L .: It occurs in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Italy, Sardinia, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and earlier also on Corsica.
- Hypericum tortuosum Balf. f. : Socotra.
- Hypericum tosaense Makino : Japan.
- Hypericum trachyphyllum Griseb. : European Turkey to northwestern Turkey and islands of the Aegean Sea.
- Hypericum trichocaulon Boiss. & Hero. : This endemic occurs only in Crete.
- St John's wort ( Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra ): Mediterranean area to western Iran.
- Hypericum tymphresteum Boiss. & Spruner : Greece.
- Hypericum umbellatum A. Kern. : It occurs in Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and in the former Yugoslavia.
- Hypericum umbraculoides N.Robson : It occurs in Mexico.
- Hypericum undulatum Schousboe ex Willd. : It occurs in two varieties in the Azores, Madeira, Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Algeria and Morocco.
- Hypericum uniflorum Boiss. & Balansa : South-Southwest Turkey.
- Hypericum uniglandulosum Hausskn. ex Bomm. : East-central Turkey.
- Hypericum uralum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don : Northern Pakistan to northwestern Yunnan.
- Hypericum vacciniifolium Hayek : Southern Turkey.
- Hypericum vaccinioides N.Robson : South-central Turkey.
- Hypericum valleanum N.Robson : Southwestern Colombia.
- Hypericum venustum Fenzl : Turkey to Transcaucasia.
- Hypericum vermiculare Boiss. & Hausskn. : Northern Iraq to Iran.
- Hypericum vesiculosum Griseb. : It occurs only in Greece and northwestern Turkey.
- Hypericum virgatum Lam. : UNITED STATES.
- Hypericum vulcanicum Koidz. : Hokkaido and Honshu.
- Hypericum wardianum N.Robson : Northwestern Yunnan to northeastern Myanmar.
- Hypericum watanabei N.Robson : Western Hokkaido.
- Hypericum wightianum Wall. : Eastern Himalayas to southern China, southern India and Sri Lanka.
- Hypericum williamsii N.Robson : Nepal to Sikkim .
- Hypericum wilmsii R.Keller : It occurs from Zimbabwe to southern Africa and Madagascar.
- Hypericum wilsonii N.Robson : It occurs in western Hubei and maybe also in Hunan .
- Hypericum woodianum N.Robson : It occurs in Colombia.
- Hypericum wurdackii N.Robson : It occurs in northern Peru .
- Hypericum xylosteifolium (Spach) N.Robson (Syn .: Hypericum inodorum Mill. ): It occurs from north-eastern Turkey to western Transcaucasia .
- Hypericum yamamotoanum H. Koidz. : This endemic occurs only in southwestern Hokkaido .
- Hypericum yamamotoi Miyabe & Y.Kimura : It occurs in northern Japan.
- Hypericum yezoense Maxim. : It occurs from southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to northern Japan.
- Hypericum yojiroanum Tatewaki & K.Ito : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Hokkaido .
Ingredients and uses
please refer
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- Norman KB Robson, Mark Carine, David Pattinson, Nicolai Nürk, Sara Crockett, Jacek Waier, Alison Eyres: Hypericum online. A site dedicated to Hypericum - The St John's Worts. Last accessed on February 9, 2015.
- Xi-wen Li, Norman KB Robson: Hypericum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . tape 13 : Clusiaceae through Araliaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 , pp. 1 (English, online ).
- Norman KB Robson : Hypericum L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 261–269 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- Norman KB Robson: Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae): 1. Infrageneric classification. In: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany , Volume 5, Issue 6, 1977, pp. 291-355.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc m d me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hypericum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ↑ a b Norman KB Robson : Hypericum L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968, ISBN 0-521-06662-X , pp. 261–269 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum. Eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium. 5th edition. Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1754, p. 341, digitized .
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 783 ( digitized version ).
- ^ Norman KB Robson: Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) 9. Addenda, corrigenda, keys, lists and general discussion. In: Phytotaxa. Volume 72, 2012, pp. 1–111 (list of species: pp. 62–68) ( abstract as PDF file ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Karol Marhold: Clusiaceae. : Hypericum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
- ^ A b c Hypericum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ Norman KB Robson: Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 3. Sections Campylosorus to 6a. Umbraculoides. In: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany. Volume 12, No. 4, 1985, pp. 163-325 (here: pp. 317-320) ( digitized version ).
Web links
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