Hystricognathi

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Hystricognathi
The porcupines (here Hystrix leucuta) belong to the Hystricognathi.

The porcupines (here Hystrix leucuta ) belong to the Hystricognathi.

Systematics
Class : Mammals (mammalia)
Subclass : Higher mammals (Eutheria)
Superordinate : Euarchontoglires
Order : Rodents (Rodentia)
Subordination : Porcupine relatives (Hystricomorpha)
Partial order : Hystricognathi
Scientific name
Hystricognathi
Tullberg , 1899

Hystricognathi is a partial order of the rodents (Rodentia).

To date, 230 recent species in 68 genera have been described. The Hystricognathi are divided into three groups: the porcupines (Hystricidae) and the Phiomorpha , both of which are restricted to the Old World, and the Caviomorpha (guinea pig relatives ) of the New World. The ancient Phiomorpha include four recent families: the sand graves (Bathyergidae), the naked mole rat (Heterocephalidae), the rock rat ( Petromus typicus ) and the cane rats ( Thryonomys ). The New World Caviomorpha, on the other hand, are more diverse and include 13 recent families, which are classified into four superfamilies: the tree spike-like ( Erethizontoidea ), the guinea-pig-like (Cavioidea), the chinchilla-like (Chinchilloidea) and the truss-like (Octodontoidea). The closest relatives ( sister group ) of the Hystricognathi are the Gundis (Ctenodactylidae), a rodent family restricted to North Africa.

features

The hystricognathi differ from other rodents by various anatomical features of the lower jaw and skull structure. The eponymous feature is the hystricognathic lower jaw: the angular process growing from the rear end of the lower jaw is not in line with the rest of the jaw, as is the case with other rodents with sciurognathic jaw structure, but is angled to the side. The masseter muscle (musculus masseter medialis), a jaw muscle, partially runs through the infraorbital foramen ("under eye hole"). In addition, representatives of this partial order lack the infraorbital plate .

Distribution history

The origin and distribution history of the hystricognathi are controversial. Some of the oldest representatives were described from the early Obereocene (about 37 Mya ) from the Fayyum fossil site in northern Egypt. These include, for example, Birkamys , Mubhammys , Gaudeamus or Acritophiomys or Phiomys . Finds from Protophiomys from Nementcha in northern Algeria and from Djebel el-Kébar in central Tunisia are possibly a little older , both sites belong to the transition from the Middle to the Upper Eocene. In South America, the group appears in the Middle Eocene (41 Mya) with, among others, Canaanimys and Cachiyacuy . South America was isolated from Africa and North America throughout the Tertiary ; However, Hystricognathi fossils have been found exclusively in South America, Africa, and Eurasia. The internal relationships of the fossil porcupine relatives are under discussion, as is the history of their spread. Most of the scenarios assume different waves of propagation, which include multiple migratory movements both between Africa and Eurasia as well as to South America. It is therefore unknown how the Hystricognathi reached South America. The group only reached North America after a land bridge was formed with the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago; this land bridge led to a wide fauna exchange between North and South America .

Familys

The suborder Hystricognathi consists of 17 families, which include the porcupines (Hystricidae) and the representatives of the Phiomorpha and Caviomorpha. According to genetic studies, the porcupines are considered to be sister groups of the other two subgroups. According to molecular analyzes, the nutria belongs to the group of sting rats. Deviating from the division presented here, the hystricognathi are only divided into the two sub- taxa Phiomorpha and Caviomorpha and the nutria are placed in a separate family Myocastoridae.

  • Sand tombs (Bathyergidae Waterhouse , 1841)
  • Naked mole rat (Heterocephalidae Landry , 1957) with the
  • only recent genus Heterocephalus Rüppell , 1842 with the
  • Naked mole rat ( Heterocephalus glaber Rüppell , 1842) is the only species
  • Petromuridae Wood , 1955
  • only recent genus Petromus A. Smith , 1831 with the
  • Rock rat ( Petromus typicus A. Smith , 1831) as the only species
  • Guinea pig-like (Cavioidea Fischer , 1817)
  • with the only genus Cuniculus Brisson , 1762 with two species
  • Chinchillas (Chinchilloidea Bennett , 1833)
  • only recent genus Dinomys Peters , 1873 with the
  • Pakarana ( Dinomys branickii Peters , 1873) as the only species
  • Trug rat-like (Octodontoidea Waterhouse , 1837)
  • Genus Myocastor Kerr , 1792 and the
  • Nutria ( Myocastor coypus ( Molina , 1782)) is the only species
  • Tree spines (Erethizontoidea Bonaparte , 1845)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Dorothée Huchon, Emmanuel JP Douzery: From the Old World to the New World: A Molecular Chronicle of the Phylogeny and Biogeography of Hystricognath Rodents . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 20, No. 2, August 2001, pp. 238-251. doi : 10.1006 / mpev.2001.0961 .
  2. ↑ a b c Hesham M. Sallam, Erik R. Seiffert, Michael E. Steiper, Elwyn L. Simons: Fossil and molecular evidence constrain scenarios for the early evolutionary and biogeographic history of hystricognathous rodents . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106, No. 39, September 29, 2009, pp. 16722-16727. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0908702106 . PMID 19805363 .
  3. ↑ Hesham M. Sallam, Erik R. Seiffert, Elwyn L. Simons: Craniodental Morphology and Systematics of a New Family of Hystricognathous Rodents (Gaudeamuridae) from the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene of Egypt. In: PLoS ONE. 6 (2), 2011, p. E16525 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0016525 .
  4. ^ A b Hesham M. Sallam and Erik R. Seiffert: New phiomorphic rodents from the latest Eocene of Egypt, and the impact of Bayesian "clock" -based phylogenetic methods on estimates of basal hystricognath relationships and biochronology. In: PeerJ. 4, 2016, p. E1717 doi: 10.7717 / peerj.1717 .
  5. ↑ Jean-Jacques Jaeger, Christiane Denys, Brigitte Coiffait: New Phiomorpha and Anomaluridae from the Late Eocene of North-West Africa: Phylogenetic Implications. In: WP Luckett, JL Hartenberger (Eds.): Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents. A multidisciplinary analysis. New York, 1985, pp. 567-588.
  6. ↑ Laurent Marivaux, El Mabrouk Essid, Wissem Marzougui, Hayet Khayati Ammar, Sylvain Adnet, Bernard Marandat, Gilles Merzeraud, Rodolphe Tabuce, Monique Vianey-Liaud: A new and primitive species of Protophiomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late middle Eocene Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia. In: Palaeovertebrata. 38 (1), 2014, pp. 1–17.
  7. ↑ Laurent Marivaux, Myriam Boivini: Emergence of hystricognathous rodents: Palaeogene fossil record, phylogeny, dental evolution and historical biogeography. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. , 2019, pp. 1–36.
  8. ↑ Michael J. Benton: Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed., Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford 2005. ISBN 0-632-05637-1 . Pp. 320-323.
  9. ↑ Thomas Galewski, Jean-François Mauffrey, Yuri LR Leite, James L. Patton, Emmanuel JP Douzery: Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol. 34, No. 3, March 2005, ISSN  1055-7903 , pp. 601-615, doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2004.11.015 .

literature

  • Wilson, DE (Ed.) (2005): Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . (Vol. 2). JHU Press.

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