Inclusion (sociology)

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In sociology, the term inclusion describes the inclusion or inclusion of people in society . The term is complementary to that of exclusion ; one concept is inconceivable without the other.

Inclusion as a term in sociological systems theory

The term inclusion was introduced into sociological theory by Talcott Parsons and further developed by Niklas Luhmann . For Parsons, inclusion means the inclusion of previously excluded actors in subsystems within the evolutionary development of society. Luhmann describes modern society as a functionally differentiated society with various differentiated areas, such as economy, politics, law, science, education, art or religion. In these individual systems people can not integrate , they should not be part of it because it in several of these systems simultaneously participate must, in order to satisfy their needs. According to Luhmann , participation in the performance of the individual functional systems is inclusion , which is only possible through exclusion from other functional systems. Complete inclusion in society (all of its subsystems) is not possible. In contrast, Luhmann observed a very extensive exclusion from all subsystems in the favelas . Rudolf Stichweh suspects that this does not result in stable, delimited areas of exclusion (as Luhmann assumed), but centers of the creation of ever new and often deviant inclusions, which undermines the functional differentiation.

Sascha Weber shows the explosive political power of the system approach: Functionally differentiated societies developed subsystems to which they assigned the solution of problems. In this way, a subsystem of differentiated disability assistance was created. However, this is neither functionally equivalent nor leading to the goal of an inclusive society.

Inclusion in the context of inequality research

As a reaction to observed tendencies towards social exclusion, sociologists and, following them, social work scientists developed normative concepts of social inclusion , which differ greatly in the use of the term from that of Parsons and Luhmann and which mean complete social participation. Stichweh puts this in the context of French social theory, starting with Émile Durkheim . There, inclusion can be read as the success of social solidarity. With Michel Foucault , both exclusion and inclusion have a disciplinary character. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of inequality is also based on the pair of opposites inclusion and exclusion. Another source of the sociological concept of inclusion is the British theorist Thomas H. Marshall , with his welfare state concept of citizenship .

Martin Kronauer clarifies the normative use of the term inclusion in the context of current inequality research in contrast to that of integration . Integration is based on a given society into which integration can and should be done. Inclusion, on the other hand, requires in advance that social conditions that exclude are overcome.

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals , adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 , identify inclusion on several points, e.g. B. 4, Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning (" Ensure inclusive and high-quality education for all and promote lifelong learning"), 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable ("Cities inclusive, safe, Making resilient and sustainable ”) or 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies .

See also

literature

  • Niklas Luhmann: The Society of Society , 2 volumes, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ​​1997, ISBN 3-518-58247-X .
  • Sina Farzin: inclusion / exclusion. Developments and problems of a system-theoretical differentiation , Bielefeld 2006, ISBN 978-3899423617 .
  • Martin Kronauer: Inclusion and further training. Reflections on Social Participation in the Present , Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7639-1964-2 (editor).
  • Martin Kronauer: If you want inclusion, you can't keep silent about exclusion. Plea for an expansion of the debate, in: Jahrbuch für Pädagogik 2015: Inklusion als Ideologie , Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015, pp. 147–158, ISBN 978-3-631-67059-0 .
  • Rudolf Stichweh: Inclusion and Exclusion. Studies in Social Theory , Bielefeld: Transcript, 2nd ext. Edition 2016, ISBN 978-3-8376-2294-2 .
  • Rudolf Stichweh (Ed.): Inclusion and Exclusion. Analysis of social structure and social inequality , Wiesbaden: VS, 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-16235-5 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Inclusion  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Niklas Luhmann: The Society of Society, Part 2, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, ​​1997, pp. 618–633.
  2. ↑ See Rudolf Stichweh: Inclusion and Exclusion in World Society. Using the example of schools and the educational system , p. 10.
  3. ↑ Sascha Weber: What does inclusion cost us? Not just economic considerations for a social project . The parity in Bavaria . Issue 3/2010, p. 21
  4. ↑ See Rudolf Stichweh: Inclusion and Exclusion in World Society. Using the example of the school and the educational system , p. 2.
  5. ↑ See Martin Kronauer, Inklusion - Exklusion. A historical and conceptual approach to the social question of the present , in which. (Ed.): Inclusion and further education. Reflections on Social Participation in the Present , Bielefeld 2010, pp. 24–58, here pp. 56 f.
  6. ^ Education - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( un.org [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Cities - United Nations Sustainable Development Action 2015 . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( un.org [accessed March 18, 2018]).
  8. ^ Peace, justice and strong institutions - United Nations Sustainable Development . In: United Nations Sustainable Development . ( un.org [accessed March 18, 2018]).