International Political Economy

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The Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods , after which a monetary regime is named.

International Political Economy (IPE) (ger .: International Political Economy - IPE) is a branch of international relations , which is particularly concerned with the political aspects of international economic relations. In Great Britain, Canada and Australia it is viewed more as an interdisciplinary research area that primarily combines approaches from political science and other social sciences with those from political economy . As far as Asia is concerned, the discussion has mainly centered on the “developing state”.

In Germany, within the German Political Science Association , Christoph Scherrer , Stefan A. Schirm, Susanne Lütz, Andreas Busch and Philipp Genschel have endeavored to ensure that American research approaches are received.

Different theoretical approaches

Robert Gilpin contrasted three rival approaches: 1. Realism, 2. Liberalism, 3. Marxism. Jeffrey Frieden and David Lake defined IPE as " the interplay of economics and politics in the world arena ". Finally, John Ravenhill doubted whether the division into theoretical approaches that had been inherited in this discipline would continue to make sense, since a consensus about problems, theoretical frames of reference and methods was emerging. However, the increase in the pluralism of approaches contradicts this view; the discipline can more appropriately be understood as a "global conversation".

How IPÖ is carried out depends heavily on the respective location and the perceived political problem situation there, as well as the academic tradition in question. In this way, the American and British views of IPÖ differ in particular: While some view a positivism and empiricism of so-called "hard facts" as well as a theoretical and methodological consensus as a scientific ideal, British scientists see pluralism and diversity of methods as one good thing at. While in the US authors like Gilpin and M. Mandelbaum extol hegemony as leadership, British authors understand hegemony in the sense of Antonio Gramsci and are more likely to question it, and Asian authors like Walden Bello speak of neo- imperialism . The discipline must therefore be viewed as in continuous development.

When comparing US and British approaches, it should not be overlooked that the United States itself also has divergent approaches.

realism

The realistic approach in the IPÖ is based on three things: the state, the national interest and an environment that is presented as anarchy. In contrast to Marxism or liberalism, the state is presented as an autonomous actor who fights for its survival and interests in power in an anarchic environment because it constantly has to worry about its security. Hans Morgenthau (1951), George F. Kennan (1951) and Stephen D. Krasner (1978) are listed as early representatives of this approach . Kenneth Waltz then became influential under the label "Neo-Realism" with his Theory of International Politics (1979).

rationalism

The rationalistic approach is based on the assumption that actors act instrumentally in order to pursue their prioritized preferences. It examines how different actors such as governments, states or companies react to the global trends of changing distributions and how they make new arrangements. The formation, the change and the consequences of such institutional change will be tried to explain contract theory following Oliver Williamson . Influential here were u. a. the work of Robert O. Keohane .

constructivism

With “constructivism” an approach has been added that can be traced back to Charles P. Kindleberger , Karl Polanyi and Susan Strange . In relation to the material incentives for rationally acting actors, this approach emphasizes that the social constitution of meaning is of fundamental importance for the explanation of political and social events. Because the actions of the actors can only be understood if one takes note of their particular interpretations of situations, identity constructions and action-guiding theories. Neither what a state understands as its security interest nor what a market produces in terms of results is given as a mere material fact. The respective actors construct their respective meaning in a special way; consequently, both foreign policy and market processes are “ institutionally embedded ”.

Research topics

The main interests of the scientists working in this field are directed towards questions of globalization , especially the capital and financial markets . The basic question is, as it was asked by Harold Lasswell : Who gets what, and how? The distinctions between national domestic and foreign policy, as well as those between politics and economics, which are customary in the field of international relations, are resolved in a differentiated manner based on currently observable developments.

Particular attention is paid to the international field by the regimes , i. H. international agreements on special regulations for a particular area of ​​economic or political activity, such as the Bretton Woods currency regime . Based on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari , Saskia Sassen also uses the term “ assemblage ”.

Globalization with the liberalization of globally integrated financial markets has increased monetary instability, which Susan Strange referred to as casino capitalism . Wesley Widmaier attributes this problem perspective to Keynes as a constructivist approach .

courses

Anglo-Saxon universities and international research institutions such as the European University Institute in Florence have set up the International Political Economics (IPE) course . As an interdisciplinary field of research and study, it also combines approaches from various disciplines and schools, such as political science, economics, sociology, history and cultural studies . One of the first academic institutions to offer this degree was the London School of Economics , which introduced the first IPE graduate program in 1984 on the initiative of Susan Strange , Chair of International Relations . In the German-speaking area there is a Master’s Global Political Economy (GPE) in Kassel .

literature

Introductions

  • Hans-Jürgen Bieling : International political economy. An introduction. 2nd Edition. VS Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-18401-2 .
  • David N. Balaam, Bradford Dillman: Introduction to International Political Economy. 5th edition. Longman, London 2010, ISBN 978-0-205-79138-5 .
  • Theodore H. Cohn: Global Political Economy. 6th edition. Longman, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-205-07583-6 .
  • Jeffry A. Frieden, David A. Lake, J. Lawrence Broz: International Political Economy. Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth. 5th edition. Norton & Company, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-393-93505-9 .
  • Stefan A. Schirm : International Political Economy. An introduction. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-8329-2411-9 .
  • Thomas H. Oatley: Debates in International Political Economy. 2nd Edition. Longman, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-205-06061-0 .
  • Thomas H. Oatley: International Political Economy. 5th edition. Longman, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-205-06063-4 .
  • John Ravenhill: Global Political Economy. 3. Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-957081-2 .
  • Joscha Wullweber, Antonia Graf, Maria Behrens (eds.): Theories of International Political Economy. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-02526-7 .

Manuals

  • Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. Routledge, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-78141-1 .
  • RJ Barry Jones (Ed.): Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0-415-14532-5 .
  • Ralph Pettman (Ed.): Handbook on International Political Economy. World Scientific, Singapore 2012, ISBN 978-981-4366-97-7 .

Anthologies

  • Benjamin Opratko, Oliver Prausmüller (eds.): Gramsci global: Neogramscian perspectives in the international political economy , Berlin / Hamburg, Argument-Verlag, 2011.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Benjamin J. Cohen: The multiple traditions of American IPE. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 23ff.
  2. ↑ Ben Clift, Ben Rosamond: Lineages of a British international political economy. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 95ff.
  3. ^ JC Sharman: Neither Asia nor America: IPE in Australia. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 216ff.
  4. ^ Mark Blyth: Introduction: IPE as a global conversation. In: In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 1ff.
  5. ^ Walden Bello: States and markets, states versus markets: the developmental state debate as the distinctive East Asian contribution to international political economy. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 180ff.
  6. ↑ Nicolas Jabko: Why IPE is underdeveloped in continental Europe: a case study of France. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , p. 239.
  7. ^ Robert Gilpin: The Political Economy of International Relations. 1987.
  8. ↑ Jeffrey Frieden, David Lake (ed.): International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth. 2001.
  9. ↑ John Ravenhill (Ed.): Global Political Economy. 2005.
  10. ^ Mark Blyth: Introduction: IPE as a global conversation. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 1ff.
  11. ^ Mark Blyth: Introduction: IPE as a global conversation. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 3ff.
  12. ^ M. Mandelbaum: The Case for Goliath: How America Acts. As the World's Government in the Twenty-First Century. Public affairs, New York 2005.
  13. ↑ Walden Bello: Dilemmas of Domination: The Unmaking of the American Empire. Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt & Co., New York 2005.
  14. ^ Benjamin J. Cohen: The multiple traditions of American IPE. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 23ff.
  15. ↑ Jonathan Kirshner: Realist political economy. Traditional themes and contemporary challenges. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 36ff.
  16. ^ HJ Morgenthau: In Defense of the National Interest. Knopf, New York 1951.
  17. ↑ George F. Kennan: American Diplomacy, 1900-1950. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1951.
  18. ^ SD Krasner: Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments in US Foreign Policy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
  19. ↑ Kenneth Waltz: Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA 1979.
  20. ^ Alexander Cooley: Contested contracts. Rationalist theories of institutions in American IPE. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 48ff.
  21. ^ RO Keohane: After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1984.
  22. ↑ Rawi Abdelal: Constructivism as an approach to international political economy. In: Mark Blyth (Ed.): Routledge Handbook of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE as a global conversation. 1st edition. Routledge, 2009, ISBN 978-0-415-77126-9 , pp. 62ff.
  23. ^ Susan Strange, Roger Tooze: States and Markets in Depression: Managing Surplus Industrial Capacity in the 1970s. In: Susan Strange, Roger Tooze (Eds.): The International Politics of Surplus Capacity. Competition for market shares in the world recession. George Allen & Unwin, London 1981, ISBN 0-04-382034-4 , pp. 3ff.
  24. ↑ Saskia Sassen: The dialectic of world and nation. To transform territory, authority and law. In: Blätter for German and international politics (ed.): The end of casino capitalism? Blätter Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9804925-5-3 .
  25. ^ RJ Barry Jones: Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy , p. 139.
  26. ↑ " In addition to the fact that not all economists believe that the wave of capital liberalization is the only source of destabilization of the financial markets, many scholars (particularly those linked to the study of IPE) point out that the process of integration, or GLOBALIZATION, of financial markets has created a very unstable monetary environment, which has even be conceptualized as CASINO CAPITALISM "( capital, control on RJ Barry Jones: Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. P. 121.)
  27. ^ " (...) as one important exception to this critique, Susan Stange offered a more Keynesian-derived view, particularly in her discussion of 'casino capitalism'. Her treatment of capital markets as driven less by the efficient analysis of material fundamentals than by self-fulfilling expectations of rising or falling values ​​accords well with Keynes' stress on the social bases of speculative manias. Susan Strange, Casino Capitalism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986). "Wesley Widmaier: The Keynesian Bases of a Constructivist Theory of the International Political Economy. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2003, p. 90, note 7. doi: 10.1177 / 03058298030320010401 / Wesley Widmaier: The Keynesian Bases of a Constructivist Theory of the International Political Economy. ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mil.sagepub.com