Olomouc Jewish Community
The independent Jewish community in Olomouc , today Olomouc in the Czech Republic , emerged from the Jewish religious association in 1892. However, Jewish settlement in Olomouc is assumed from around the 11th century.
history
A possible presence of Jewish residents in what is now Olomouc is said to have been mentioned in the so-called Raffelstetten customs regulations of 906. It is more likely that Jewish merchants first settled in Olomouc in the 11th century, because in 1140 the traveling rabbi Isaak ben Dorbolo mentioned in a document an already existing Jewish quarter in - as he called it - Olmijz or Almijz. On September 20, 1278, the Roman-German King Rudolf I confirmed the privileges for the Jewish population of Olomouc in a decree.
As early as 1454, however, the Bohemian King Ladislaus Postumus banned the Jews from Olomouc and from other Moravian so-called royal cities ; from November 11, 1454, they had to settle in smaller communities; The cities received their real estate, but they were obliged to pay the previous Jewish taxes. In 1745, Archduchess Maria Theresa confirmed this practice for Olomouc in her capacity as Queen of Bohemia. The following “tolerance tax” by Maria Theresa (1748) or the tolerance patent of Joseph II (1782) did not bring any significant improvement. The barriers only fell after 1848, when the anti-Jewish ordinances were still valid de jure , but were not observed. After that the Jewish population in Olomouc rose again.
In 1865 a Jewish religious association was founded in Olomouc, from which the independent Jewish community emerged in 1892, the first of which was Berthold Oppenheim . In 1897 the 1st Sionist Congress of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy took place in Olomouc ; there were numerous clubs such as Chewra Kadischa , from 1893 women's charity, from 1901 the sports club TJ Makkabi and others. In particular, the synagogue was built in Olomouc between 1895 and 1897 . During the First World War, several hundred refugees from Galicia sought refuge in Olomouc .
With the occupation of the rest of Czech Republic in 1939, the Jewish community was broken up and its property aryanized . The synagogue was attacked, set on fire and burned to the ground on the night of March 15-16, 1939 by German and also Czech National Socialist rioting groups. A total of 3,498 Jewish residents were deported to concentration camps in several transports , of which only around 200 survived the Holocaust . The transports involved were as follows:
| June 26, 1942 | Transport AAf | 900 people |
| June 30, 1942 | Transport AAg | 900 people |
| 4th July 1942 | Transport AAm | 900 people |
| July 8, 1942 | Transport AAo | 745 people |
| January 11, 1944 | Transport Ez | 1 person |
| March 7, 1945 | Transport AE7 | 53 people |
A list of the names of all Jews deported from Olomouc can be found on the website of the Zmizelí sousedé Olomouc (Disappeared Neighbors Olomouc) project.
Development of the Jewish population
From the middle of the 19th century, after the immigration of Jews to Olomouc was made possible again, the population of Olomouc Jews developed as follows:
| 1857 | 72 | |
| 1869 | 747 | out of a total of 14,394 inhabitants |
| 1880 | 1,254 | from a total of 18,549 inhabitants (about 6.2 percent) |
| 1890 | 1.306 | from a total of 19,761 inhabitants |
| 1900 | 1,676 | |
| 1910 | 1,679 | out of a total of 21,707 inhabitants |
| 1921 | 2,077 | from a total of 57,206 inhabitants |
| 1928 | 2,400 | (the third largest municipality in Moravia) |
| 1930 | 2,198 | out of a total of 66,440 inhabitants |
| 1933 | 2,198 | |
| 1941 | 4,000 (approx.) |
The church today, stumbling blocks
The Jewish community was renewed in 1945 by the survivors of the Holocaust. It could not assert itself during the communist rule and in 1962 it became part of the Ostrava Jewish community as a synagogue congregation . It was only re-established on April 1, 1991, and in addition to Olomouc it was also responsible for the Moravian cities of Šumperk , Jeseník , Bruntál and Přerov .
After the first stumbling blocks were laid in Olomouc in 2011 , at that time by the inventor Gunter Demnig himself, the Jewish community also became active in this area and initiated several laying of stumbling blocks itself:
- on October 29, 2012 (42 jewels)
- on September 18, 2014
- on April 22, 2015
- on November 14, 2017 in cooperation with the city's Senate
In addition to six relocations by G. Demnig, the municipality has initiated and carried out four of its own relocations by autumn 2017, including the relocation of what is probably the first trip threshold in the whole of the Czech Republic on November 14, 2017.
Remarks
- ↑ Other spellings for the first name: Izak, Izaak, Isaac; for the surname: Dorbalo, Durbal; see e.g. B. Dorboló or DURBAL, ISAAC BEN , in: Jewish Encyclopedia 1906, online at: jewishencyclopedia.com / ... , From the history of the Jewish communities in the German language , keyword Olomouc (Moravia), online at: Jewish-gemeinden.de / and others.
- ↑ The first destination of the deportations was the Theresienstadt concentration camp , from where the prisoners were usually transported to other concentration or extermination camps.
- ↑ The transport Ez of January 11, 1944 with one person is not included in most of the sources, so there were a total of 3499 people.
- ↑ The documentation project of the Jewish Museum, created in 1999, is running in numerous municipalities and cities in the Czech Republic and is under the patronage of the Presidential Chancellery and the Ministry of Education; see pocta-obetem.cz / ...
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area , keyword Olmütz (Moravia), online at: jewische-gemeinden.de /
- ↑ a b Pavel Frýda: Olomouc-synagoga (Olomouc Synagogue) - Stručně k historii olomoucké synagogy a zdejších židovských obyvatel , online at: zanikleobce.cz / ...
- ↑ Židé v Olomouci , Portál Olomouc, online at: spqo.cz / ...
- ↑ a b c d Historický vývoj , historical overview of the Jewish community of Olomouc, online at: kehila-olomouc.cz / ...
- ↑ Chaim Frank: Jews in the former Czechoslovakia , Part 4: Baroque, online at: hagalil.com / ... (German)
- ↑ OLOMOUC: Moravia , Report of the International Jewish Cemetery Project, online at: iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org / ...
- ↑ List of all transports to Theresienstadt (sorted by place of departure) , database of the Terezin Initiative Institute, online at: katalog.terezinstudies.cz / ...
- ↑ Židé v Olomouci. Historický vývoj židovské komunity v Olomouci , a work by the M. Horáková school in Olomouc, was created as part of the “Zmizelí sousedé” (Disappeared Neighbors) project, online at: pocta-obetem.cz / ...
- ↑ Lidé. Vývoj počtu obyvatel, významné osobnosti , information from the Olomouc Jewish Community, online at: kehila-olomouc.cz / ... , English version People and Personalities , online at: kehila-olomouc.cz / ...
- ↑ MUDr.Vladimír Jorda: PhDr. Berthold Oppenheim , CV written for the Olomouc Jewish Community, online at: kehila-olomouc.cz / ...
- ↑ Chronicle of Demnig's website, online at: stolpersteine.eu ...
- ↑ V Olomouci přibyly další Kameny zmizelých. Připomínají zavražděné , in: Olomoucký deník October 30, 2012, online at: olomoucky.denik.cz/...20121029 ; Kameny, o které byste měli zakopnout , on the official web portal of the City of Olomouc, issue of November 16, 2012, online at: olomouc.eu / ...
- ↑ Odpůrce nacistů Šanta má svůj Stolperstein. Vedle Šantovky , in: Olomoucký deník of September 18, 2014, online at: olomoucky.denik.cz/...20140918
- ↑ Olomouc má další Kameny zmizelých Připomínají i studenta, co přežil Treblinku , in: Olomoucký deník of April 22, 2015, online at: olomoucky.denik.cz/...20150422
- ↑ Z olomoucké školy odjížděli lidé na smrt. Teď je v chodníku stumbling block , in: Olomoucký deník from November 15, 2017, online at: olomoucky.denik.cz/...20171115
See also
literature
- Chaim Frank: Jews in the former Czechoslovakia , history abstract in 11 parts, online at: hagalil.com / ... (German)