Johannes Lavater

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Johannes Lavater, around 1650

Johannes Lavater (born January 18, 1624 in Zurich ; † June 21, 1695 ibid) was a Swiss Protestant clergyman and university professor .

Life

Johannes Lavater was a great-grandson of Ludwig Lavater , Antistes in Zurich and the son of the dyer and politician Jakob Lavater (born January 24, 1588 in Zurich; † 1659) and his wife Lucia (née Schönauer). He also had a brother and four other sisters.

He completed a theology degree at the Collegium Carolinum and later continued this at the University of Groningen .

After completing his studies, he was elected pastor in Uitikon in 1649 ; He was briefly imprisoned for his criticism of the 1st Villmerger War in 1656.

In 1657 he was appointed professor of rhetoric and philosophy professor in 1667 at the Collegium Carolinum; he received the associated canon priests at the Grossmünsterstift . In 1672 he was appointed the monastery builder and in 1677 the school owner.

Johannes Lavater was married to Elisabetha (* 1630 in Zurich; † June 21, 1699 ibid), daughter of Heinrich Oeri (1597–1646), land clerk in Pfäffikon , since 1650 ; they had four children together:

  • Elisabetha Lavater (born November 4, 1655 in Zurich; † March 4, 1721 there), married to the theologian Johann Jakob Hottinger ;
  • Hans Jakob Lavater (born November 1, 1657 in Zurich; † May 27, 1725), was in 1677 in exchange with Samuel Werenfels for six months with his father Peter Werenfels (1627–1703), Antistes in Basel , for spiritual and theological training ; married to Anna (born Jul 29, 1666 in Zurich; † April 23, 1739 ibid), daughter of the Obervogts in Meilen Johannes Schaufelberger (1646–1703);
  • Heinrich Lavater (born May 1, 1659 in Zurich, † 1689 in Batavia );
  • Regula Lavater (* February 10, 1663 in Zurich; † July 21, 1726 ibid), married to Leonhard Fries (* October 6, 1660 in Zurich; † December 1719).

He was friends with Johann Heinrich Hottinger , father of his son-in-law.

Theological and literary work

From 1669 Johann Lavater was one of the spokesmen for the so-called innovators in the theological disputes with Hans Jakob Gessner and Johannes Müller.

Johannes Müller collected, among others, the professor Johann Rudolf Hofmeister (1615–1684) and most of the town clergy, including Antistes Johann Caspar Waser (1612–1677), archdeacon Bülod, the pastor of the preacher church Hans Konrad Burkhard (1613–1681), the pastor and the deacon at St. Peter , Peter Füßli and Hans Jakob Geßner and went against Johann Heinrich Heidegger , because he adored Johannes Coccejus , and against Johannes Lavater and Johann Heinrich Schweizer, because they were followers of the Cartesian philosophy .

When it came to the question of rejecting the French innovations of Saumur , which developed into the intellectual center of the Huguenots in the 16th century , for which Heidegger, Lavater and Schweizer stood up, Müller also wanted to fend off the Coccejan and Cartesian ideas, so he introduced a general formula in the Convention that rejected not only the French but also the Dutch innovation.

Because there was a resolution already passed on the agenda in Aarau in 1674, which only named the French hypotheses and Heidegger had the support of Basler and François Turrettini , Müller's request was rejected. They immediately protested against a general formula introduced to the mayor behind the backs of Heidegger, Swiss, Lavater, monastery administrator Rudolf Wirth (1618–1689) and pastor Ulrich am Fraumünster .

The Formula Consensus designed by Heidegger was ratified by the council on March 13, 1675, but subsequently led to further disputes because Müller carried out his own interpretation and had various printed matter confiscated by Heidegger and Lavater or caused a postponement by the censors for months.

He published numerous papers on scientific, philosophical and theological questions and was one of the first to deal scientifically with the deaf-mute problem in his Disquisitiones Physicae .

Deaf mute problem

Johannes Lavater, who during his studies in Groningen had also heard lectures from the physician Anton Deusing (1612–1666), dealt with the deaf-mute problem in Zurich in 1665. Under his direction, three dissertations were written at the Collegium Carolinum , which are now known collectively as the Scola mutorum ac surdorum .

One of the dissertations came from Johann Heinrich Ott (1617––1682), who was the first since Pliny the Elder ( Naturalis historia ) and Valescu de Taranta (1382–1417) to establish that deaf-dumbness was due to a lack of hearing and not to a fault in the speaking tools rest.

The second dissertation was written by Johannes von Muralt , but it only contains the attitude of the Reformed Church to the purely theological side of the deaf-mute problem, but it is thanks to him that the deaf-mute Zurich painter Rudolf Bremi (1576–1611) examined the individual cases.

The third dissertation came from Balthasar Wiser (1656–1676), who made suggestions for training the deaf and mute, object lessons and sign language, as well as lip reading .

The Scola mutorum ac surdorum was a thorough and serious attempt to deal with the whole problem of the deaf and mute.

The final sentence Nobody will mock the deaf-mute education as impossible, but think about the methodologically easiest and shortest form of education. This should be remembered above all by those who are officially obliged to provide pastoral care. They should move the authoritative circles to build schools for the deaf, so those Bejammernswürdigen that occur in all cities and at all times, according to human assets, the benefit will gives conducive eyes to the blind, the deaf ear and the tongue of the dumb, but was not implemented in Zurich, so that the first school for the deaf and mute was not established in Paris until 1771 by the Abbé de l'Epee .

Fonts (selection)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ General lexicon of scholars: Therein the scholars of all classes, both male and female, who lived from the beginning of the world to the present time, and made themselves known to the learned world, after their birth, life, remarkable stories, deaths and writings the most credible scribes are described in alphabetical order. D - L. 2 . Gleditsch, 1750 ( google.de [accessed March 3, 2020]).
  2. ^ The pastors in Uitikon from 1626 to 2004. In: Christmas courier of the parish Uitikon 1986 with additions in October 2004. 2004, accessed on March 3, 2020 .
  3. ^ Family tree of Elisabetha Oeri. Retrieved March 2, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Hanspeter Marti, Reimund Sdzuj, Robert Seidel: Rhetoric, Poetics and Aesthetics in the Education System of the Old Empire: Scientific-historical indexing of selected dissertations from universities and high schools 1500-1800 . Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2017, ISBN 978-3-412-50373-4 ( google.de [accessed on March 3, 2020]).
  5. ↑ Which in the church of Frau Munster in Zurich are partly faded, partly still legible: 2 . 1779 ( google.de [accessed on March 2, 2020]).
  6. ↑ Regula Weber-Steiner: Congratulatory fame and honor stories: Casual carmina for Zurich mayoral elections of the 17th century . Peter Lang, 2006, ISBN 978-3-03910-388-1 ( google.de [accessed on March 2, 2020]).
  7. ^ Johann Heinrich Heidegger: Formula Consensus. Retrieved March 3, 2020 .
  8. ^ Journal of Historical Theology. In connection with the historical-theolog. Ges. Zu Leipzig ed. by Christian Friedrich Illgen . Barth, 1860 ( google.de [accessed March 3, 2020]).
  9. ^ Johann Jakob Herzog: Real Encyclopedia for Protestant Theology and Church: In connection with many Protestant theologians and scholars . R. Besser, 1856 ( google.de [accessed March 3, 2020]).
  10. ↑ K. Ulrich: On the deaf and dumb problem and its attempts to solve it in old Zurich. In: Quarterly publication of the Natural Research Society in Zurich. 1936, Retrieved March 3, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Ott, Johann Heinrich. Retrieved March 3, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Carl Gottlob happening: Educational real encyclopedia; or, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Education and its History. Edited by an association of preachers and teachers, and edited by KGH 1847 ( google.de [accessed on March 3, 2020]).
  13. ↑ L. Heilmeyer, R. Schoen, E. Glanzmann, B. De Rudder: Results of internal medicine and paediatrics . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-94663-9 ( google.de [accessed on March 3, 2020]).
  14. ↑ New Year's Gazette of the Zürcherische Hülfsgesellschaft . 1801 ( google.de [accessed on March 3, 2020]).
personal data
SURNAME Lavater, Johannes
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lavaterus, Johannes; Lavaterus, J .; Lavater, Joh .; Lavater, Johannes
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swiss Protestant clergyman and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH January 18, 1624
PLACE OF BIRTH Zurich
DATE OF DEATH June 21, 1695
Place of death Zurich