Coffee-brown fork funnel

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Coffee-brown fork funnel
Coffee brown fork funnel Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis.jpg

Coffee brown fork funnel ( Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Fork funnels ( Pseudoclitocybe )
Type : Coffee-brown fork funnel
Scientific name
Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis
( Bull .: Fr. ) Singer

The edible coffee-brown fork funnel ( Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). It is a medium-sized, coffee-brown funnel with forked lamellae and amyloid spores. The fruiting bodies appear from September to November in the deciduous and coniferous forest. The fungus is also Coffee Brown Seems Judge Ling , cup-shaped fork Trichterling or cup Trichterling called.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–8 cm wide, for a long time evenly circular and only slightly deepened in the middle, later it is deeply funnel-shaped. The smooth, bare surface is only slightly hygrophan and matt to shiny. The hat is initially almost black, then dark chestnut to coffee brown in color and fades a lot when drying. But it can also be colored more dark steel blue or steel gray. The edge of the hat remains rolled up for a long time and is sometimes, but mostly only in older specimens, weakly and briefly grooved.

The crowded lamellae run down the handle in a sickle shape, they are often forked and sometimes connected with cross veins. They are cream-colored to dirty gray-beige in color, the spore powder is whitish.

The slender, cylindrical stem is 5–8 (10) cm long and 0.5–1 cm wide. It is similarly brownish to the hat, but mostly a little lighter in color and shows a typical white-fiber to reticulate structure. The stem base is often thickened and tomentose. The thin, watery meat is gray-beige to brownish, it smells faintly aromatic and tastes mild and mushroom-like.

Microscopic features

The elongated to elliptical and amyloid spores are 8–12 µm and 5–7 µm long. They are smooth on the outside and heavily granulated on the inside.

Species delimitation

The coffee-brown fork funnel can easily be distinguished from similar funnels of the genus Clitocybe , which also have inamyloid spores, by the forked lamellae . Very similar and closely related are the Ausblassende fork funnel ( Pseudoclitocybe expallens ) and the blue-gray fork funnel ( P. obbata ), which are also viewed by some authors as synonyms of the coffee brown fork funnel. The fading fork funnel can be recognized by its rather flat hat and the more rounded spores and the blue-gray fork funnel has a more grooved edge and smells slightly of bitter almonds. Its handle is untwisted.

Other similar species are the coal naveling ( Myxomphalia maura ), the rare brown sooty soft knight ( Melanoleuca turrita ) and the also rare wood naveling ( Omphalina epichysium ).

The charcoal navel can develop similarly large and dark brown fruiting bodies, but has a floury-rancid odor. The safest distinguishing feature is the lamellae that split open when the hat is torn through.

The sooty soft knight has a very similar habit. However, it is a little stronger and more compact and not so deeply funnel-shaped. Its lamellas do not run down the handle and remain white with age. Microscopically, it differs through the typical stinging hair cystids , which the coffee-brown fork funnel does not have.

The wood nabeling grows on rotten, woody substrates, mainly on coniferous stumps. Its lamellae turn gray to gray-brown with age.

ecology

The fruiting bodies of the coffee-brown fork funnel usually appear in late autumn (October – November). They usually grow gregariously in deciduous and coniferous forests. They are often found on grassy forest paths, but also on cultivated soils and on rotten wood.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the coffee brown fork funnel.
Legend:
green = countries with found reports
cream white = countries without evidence
light gray = no data
dark gray = non-European countries.

The fungus is found in North America (Canada, USA), Asia (Japan) and Europe. The mushroom is widespread in Europe. Its distribution area is meridional to boreal, so it extends from the Mediterranean area (Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Greece) to the northern European Fennoscandinavia . The mushroom is widespread in Bulgaria and quite common in Greece. It was found there in beech, oak and fir forests. In the north it is distributed (Norway, Sweden) up to the 66th parallel, in Finland up to the 63rd parallel.

In Germany, the coffee-brown fork funnel was found in all federal states. In the south and in the middle it is moderately to widespread, in the north German lowlands it is only scattered to quite rare. In the Alpine countries (Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria) the fungus is common to fairly common.

meaning

The edible value of this relatively unknown edible mushroom is rated very differently. Some authors think it is not very tasty or even inferior, others consider it an excellent edible mushroom. It is hardly needy and due to its late appearance can still be collected at the beginning of winter. The mushroom can be used in many ways in the kitchen. It is equally suitable for mixed mushroom dishes, soups and Chinese dishes. It can also be dried and frozen well.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rolf Singer: New genera of fungi. VII . In: Mycologia . tape 48 (5) , 1956, pp. 719-27 , doi : 10.2307 / 3755381 ( online ).
  2. ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (=  spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 91 .
  3. ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 , pp. 74 .
  4. ↑ a b Karin Monday: Coffee brown fork funnel Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis In the virtual mushroom book. In: [1] . Retrieved December 8, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b Axel Steiner .: Coffee brown false funnel (Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis). In: www.natur-in-nrw.de . 2013, accessed December 8, 2013 .
  6. ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved December 8, 2013 .
  7. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
  8. ^ A b Worldwide distribution of Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013 ; Retrieved December 8, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  9. ^ GI Zervakis, E. Polemis, DM Dimou: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: III. Macrofungi recorded in Quercus forests from southern Peloponnese. In: Mycotaxon . Vol 84, 2002, pp. 141-162 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  10. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: [Mycotaxon] . Vol: 104, 2008, p. 39–42 (English, online [PDF]).
  11. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 501.
  12. ↑ a b Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The mushrooms of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
  13. ↑ Grid map of Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved December 8, 2013 .
  14. ^ Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. Pilzoek database, accessed December 8, 2013 .
  15. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. Fungi of Ukraine. In: cybertruffle.org. Retrieved December 8, 2013 .
  16. ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved December 8, 2013 .
  17. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved December 8, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  18. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 8, 2013 .
  19. ↑ Fridhelm & Renate Volk: Collecting and determining mushrooms . ULMER EUGEN, 2004, ISBN 978-3-8001-4468-6 , pp. 78 .

Web links

Commons : Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis  - album with pictures, videos and audio files