Cold beds

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Cold bed is a political catchphrase for an apartment that is not permanently inhabited.

Cold beds are caused by seasonal fluctuations in demand in mass tourism , exacerbated by a high proportion of second homes and holiday homes, as well as property speculation in regions and cities with attractive tourist attractions. The expression was coined in Switzerland . In Germany , Austria and South Tyrol , the phenomenon is also known under the keyword holiday and second home problem.

Problem

Generally, the problem of obliterated second home settlements both in urban and in rural areas in all European tourist regions enormous city and bauleitplanerisches problem area. In addition to the factor sprawl is the Cold-bed phenomenon in the Alpine region one of the cofactors of the mountain escape , the centralization and Sprawl and desolation of the alpine area in the direction of the more urban valley areas. When places are only populated episodically, the locals look for work elsewhere and begin to commute only to their home town, so that they themselves become second home users. In addition, the problem of second homes at the municipal level is in direct competition with the issue of social housing : Housing has to be created even though there is unused housing. And an infrastructure for peak occupancy needs to be created, but this needs to be maintained by a decreasing number of permanent residents. Side effects are deserted, quiet or even deserted neighborhoods, in city districts as in villages.

Limiting measures

In the EU member states of the Alpine region, increased local taxes are generally used , which affect local residents and foreigners alike and which also consolidate the municipal budget. The break-up village or urban structure of life cannot be controlled with it, however, because it encourages tourist communities to settle in cold beds that hardly cause costs but generate income.

To counteract the vacancy of housing, have in Germany under the term collaborative consumption different timeshare models ( Timeshare established).

In Baden-Wuerttemberg and Berlin there have been laws prohibiting misappropriation since 2014 to prevent living space from being used not only temporarily for commercial purposes or rented out as holiday homes. In a judgment of June 8, 2016, the Berlin Administrative Court confirmed the Berlin ZwVbG as constitutional.

Situation in Switzerland

In Switzerland, the Federal Act on the Acquisition of Land by Persons Abroad ( Lex Koller ) has been in force since 1985 to prevent this phenomenon , as the problem is particularly related to holiday homes. Similar legal regulations for land acquisition by foreigners in Austria, Italy and other Alpine regions had been abolished by the EU legislation on freedom of movement .

On March 11, 2012, Franz Weber's Federal People's Initiative to put an end to the endless construction of second homes was voted on and adopted in order to limit the proportion of second homes for each municipality to a maximum of 20%. According to Article 6 (1) of the Federal Act on Second Homes of March 20, 2015, which came into force on January 1, 2016, no new second homes may be approved in municipalities in which the proportion of second homes is already over 20 percent. If this proportion is still below 20 percent, but the granting of a building permit would mean that the municipality would exceed the second home proportion of 20 percent, the permit may not be granted either.

Following a decision by the Federal Supreme Court in May 2013, all planning applications submitted after March 11, 2012 had to be re-examined to determine whether they complied with the 20 percent ceiling. The organization Helvetia Nostra had previously submitted 2,350 objections.

literature

  • Jörg Krummenacher: Graubünden recipes against cold beds. Model resorts for sustainable tourism value creation. In: NZZ Online. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 3, 2010, accessed in 2011 .
  • Barbara Bernhart: Basic traffic against the background of second homes, illustrated using the example of Bad Aussee . Dissertation. Ed .: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. HB - DIP: D-7029. Vienna December 1995 ( abstract , zidapps.boku.ac.at).
  • Werner Bätzing : The current changes in the environment, economy, society and population in the Alps. On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin 2002 ( PDF , 4.7 MB, on media database, Umweltbundesamt.de; on settlement problems in the Alps in general)
  • Willimann I., Danielli G .: Occupancy of existing second homes, Federal Office for Spatial Development, Bern 2011 ( PDF , 2 MB).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Aurelia Kogler, Philipp Boksberger: From cold and warm beds ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Swiss Equity magazine 6/09 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.htwchur.ch
  2. ↑ Rent instead of cold beds? zweiwohnungen.ch, accessed on April 28, 2016
  3. ↑ Nils Klawitter: Cold beds: Austria's noble ski resort Lech has secretly added real estate to wealthy guests - including some German celebrities. Der Spiegel 52/2014, December 20, 2014
  4. ↑ Hans-Herbert Holzamer: The Signora, blushing mountains and cold beds February 7, 2016
  5. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives : Local taxes: Opportunity for reform wasted again . Salzburg Chamber of Labor, June 2, 2010.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.ak-salzburg.at
  6. ↑ hpl: Sale of home . Panel discussion in Sexten. In: PZ . tape 93/08 , no. 21-4 , October 24, 2008, Bürger & Heimat , p. 18-19 ( pdf pp. 18-19 ). pdf p. 18–19 ( Memento of the original from April 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Panel discussion on the topic of “Selling out our homeland” on September 26th in Haus Sexten . In: Municipality of Sexten (ed.): Der Sextner . Information from the community. Dec. 08, No.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pzpz.it  47 . Sexten December 2008, Sexten Associations , p. 20–21 ( whole newspaper (PDF), gemeinde.sexten.bz.it, pdf p. 11 f.). pdf p. 18–19 ( Memento of the original from April 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pzpz.it
  7. ↑ Timeshare - a sustainable tourism concept July 31, 2012
  8. ↑ Law on the prohibition of the misappropriation of living space (Prohibition of Misappropriation of Living Space - ZwEWG) ( Memento of the original of May 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of December 19, 2013, Journal of Laws of December 30, 2013, 484 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mfw.baden-wuerttemberg.de
  9. ↑ Law on the Prohibition of Misappropriation of Living Space (Prohibition of Misappropriation of Living Space - ZwVbG) of November 29, 2013, GVBl. 2013, 626 and Ordinance on the Prohibition of Misappropriation of Living Space (Disapproval Ordinance-ZwVbVO) of March 4, 2014, GVBl. 2014, 73
  10. ↑ Ref .: VG 6 K 103.16. Press release of the VG Berlin from June 8, 2016
  11. ↑ Dominik Schüller: VG confirms ban on misappropriation. No vacation homes for Berlin tourists Legal Tribune Online , June 8, 2016
  12. ↑ Federal Act on Second Homes (Second Home Act, ZWG) of March 20, 2015
  13. ↑ Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE: Second homes accessed on April 26, 2016
  14. ^ Federal court decision on the second home initiative: Complete success for Franz Weber Blick , May 22, 2013
  15. ↑ Despite the court ruling, more second homes are being built, Tages-Anzeiger , May 23, 2013