Chestnut wren

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Chestnut wren
Cantorchilus nigricapillus Cucarachero ribereño Bay wren (12180505396) .jpg

Chestnut wren ( Cantorchilus nigricapillus )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Cantorchilus
Type : Chestnut wren
Scientific name
Cantorchilus nigricapillus
( Sclater, PL , 1860)

The chestnut Wren ( Cantorchilus nigricapillus ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae), in Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia and Ecuador is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The chestnut wren reaches a body length of about 12.6 to 15.6 cm. The reins are gray, the face black with a narrow white stripe over the eyes, an incomplete eye ring and a white spot in the back of the ear cover. The top of the head and the nape of the neck are also black, while the back, the shoulders and the rump are very reddish to maroon in color. The hand and arm wings look warm chestnut-colored with black stripes. The strong brown control feathers are traversed by thick black bands. The throat and the underside are white, which turns into a warm brown on the back abdomen and the flanks. The blackish stripes down from the chest widen towards the back. Both sexes are similar, even if the females look a bit more dull. Young animals have a less light-colored plumage with less contrast between the skull and back. The eyes are mouse-brown to red-brown, the upper bill is black, the lower bill is bluish gray with an orange-yellow base, and the legs are dark gray to black.

Behavior and nutrition

The diet of the chestnut wren probably consists mainly of invertebrates . Its prey includes beetles , real crickets , caterpillars , spiders and other insects. In addition to spiders and beetles, earwigs and cockroach eggs have been found in the stomach contents of three Panama birds . He looks for food on leaves, twigs and branches by looking for and nudging them with his beak in hanging vegetation or tangled creepers. When people approach, he observes them curiously and is usually out and about in pairs. But it can also happen that it remains partly hidden in the vegetation and is therefore difficult to discover. The birds on Escudo de Veraguas seem particularly tame. It is considered an extremely territorial bird. In a study in Panama, it was found that females use their song to defend the territory from other females. This strategy does not seem to work in couples singing duets. The chestnut wren is not a sociable bird and rarely mixes with other species.

Vocalizations

The chant of the chestnut wren includes dry, harsh, croaking cackling similar to cardinals of the Habia genus . These sound like hard rolling prrrrk - or sharp, metallic tschrink - but also like chur-rr-rk tones. Other sounds are a stuttering sst-sst-churrr and an accelerated crescendo- like sssssssch-wauwer . From Colombia and Ecuador the sounds are called hist-o-whIP and hitoWIP! described. The singing is loud, powerful and explosive and is described as a quick repetition of clear, powerful, confused ringing whistles and trills, some of which sound antiphonic. So it seems that one partner takes over the beginning of the other partner's song and finally inserts its song content. Each song phrase is repeated a few times before abruptly switching to the next. Whistles are repeated regularly, then varied and repeated again. This can then sound like chit-i-sit, chit-i-sit , swity-it, swity-it or swity-tu swity-tu or swit-wi-hi, swit-whi-hi .

Reproduction

The chestnut wren is a rather monogamous bird in which the pairs stay together year round. The young also seem to stay with their parents for a few months. The couples often sing in a duet, even though it often seems to be a result of male behavior. Studies in Panama indicate that males sing in order to impress the females and in a duet to sound out the willingness to mate. In contrast, the female seems to use song to demonstrate her aggression against same-sex conspecifics. There is evidence that males find the song of females attractive and so often enter into a duet. Even so, it does not seem that females start singing to attract males. In Costa Rica the breeding season is from March to October, while in Panama the breeding season lasts a little longer. Newly hatched nestlings were discovered in March and nests were built in November. In Colombia it breeds from January to August. The nest is built by both sexes. It is described as having an elbow shape with a tube entrance. It is about 25 cm long and 8 to 13 cm in diameter at the thicker end. He uses plant stalks, grass, roots, leaf skeletons and strips of heliconia leaves to build it, and decorates them sparsely with moss and creepers. Inside it is laid out with leaf skeletons and fine grass stalks. The nest is placed 1.6 to 5 meters above the ground in the connection of an upright or downward branch. In contrast to this, the subspecies in Escudo de Veraguas builds a round ball with a diameter of approx. 200 mm, which consists of palm leaves and other fibers and is attached to the end of a slender branch. Also, C. n. Reditus seems a messy ball of yellowish white fibers to build, which is the size of a coconut. This was found over the Río Pequení a few meters of dense undergrowth protruding branch. The species lays two to three eggs, which are colored white with reddish brown or cinnamon brown spots over the entire surface. There are a little more stains on the thicker end. One egg measured 23 × 16 mm, another 25 × 16.5 mm and a third 24 × 17.0 mm.

distribution and habitat

The chestnut wren prefers thickets along watercourses, lagoons in wooded areas, gallery forests and often overgrown clearings as well as dense secondary vegetation at the edges of the forest. Occasionally you can see him next to streets. Proximity to water seems to be an important factor in its habitat. He also seems to avoid the undergrowth of continuous forest. Nevertheless, he is out and about in the forest, provided that the habitat is right for him. He seems to be particularly fond of the heliconia thicket. You can also find it regularly in well-grown gardens. In the province of Darién it is also found in the bank reeds. Even if it prefers water-bearing habitats in most of the distribution areas, it occurs in significantly drier habitats in Nicaragua.

Subspecies

Phylogenetic system according to González et al. 2003
 Cantorchilus 

other Cantorchilus


 Cantorchilus nigricapillus 
 C. n. Costaricensis group 

C. n. Odicus


   

C. n. Castaneus


   

C. n. Reditus


   

C. n. Costaricensis


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 C. n. Nigricapillus group 

C. n. Schottii


   

C. n. Nigricapillus


   

C. n. Connectens


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There are seven subspecies:

  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus costaricensis ( Sharpe , 1882) occurs from southeast Nicaragua via Costa Rica to western Panama. The subspecies is particularly strong chestnut with only a few stripes. Young animals are pale cinnamon in color with fewer stripes on the chest. The spots in the lower back area are missing.
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus castaneus ( Lawrence , 1861) is widespread in Central Panama. The white throat is in stark contrast to the strong chestnut-colored top. He has little or no stripes.
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus odicus ( Wetmore , 1959) is distributed on the Escudo de Veraguas Island. The subspecies is paler than C. n. Costaricensis and has a larger beak.
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus reditus ( Griscom , 1932) occurs in northeastern Panama. The subspecies is the brightest of all the subspecies. The white of the chest is expanded and there are some black stripes on the flanks and in the rump area.
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus schottii ( Baird, SF , 1864) occurs from the province of Darién to the northwest of Colombia. The subspecies has narrower stripes on the underside than the nominate form .
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus connectens ( Chapman , 1912) is common in southwest Colombia. The subspecies has considerably more stripes on the upper side than the nominate form.
  • Cantorchilus nigricapillus nigricapillus ( Sclater, PL , 1860) occurs in western Ecuador.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis by Maribel Arlene González Torres , Jessica Reese Eberhard , Irby John Lovette , Storrs Lovejoy Olson and Eldredge Bermingham from 2003 supports the thesis of the division into two clades . The castaneus group includes C. n. Costaricensis , C. n.odicus , C. n.castaneus and C. n. Reditus and the nigricapillus group includes C. n. Schottii , C. n.connectens and C. n. nigricapillus .

Etymology and history of research

The chestnut wren was first described in 1860 by Philip Lutley Sclater under the scientific name Thryothorus nigricapillus . The type specimen was collected by Louis Fraser in Ecuador. In 2006, Nigel Ian Mann , Frederick Keith Barker , Jefferson Alden Graves , Kimberly Anne Dingess-Mann and Peter James Bramwell Slater introduced the genus Cantorchilus, which is new to science . This name is derived from "cantus" for "song" and "orkhilos ορχιλος " for "wren". The species name "nigricapillus" can be derived from the Latin "niger" for "black" and "-capillus, capillus" for "covered, skin hair". »Schottii« is dedicated to the German naturalist Arthur Carl Victor Schott (1814–1875). "Costaricensis" refers to the country of Costa Rica. »Castaneus« means chestnut colored from »castanea« or »kastanon καστανον « for » chestnut «. "Odicus" is the Latin word for "musical" and can be derived from "ōdikos, ōdē ωδικος, ωδη " for "musician, song". After all, "reditus" means "return" from "redire" for "to return".

literature

  • Spencer Fullerton Baird: Review of American birds, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution . tape 1 . Smithsonian Institution, Washington 1864 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Frank Michler Chapman: Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian birds . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 31 , no. 16 , 1912, pp. 139-166 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Maribel Arlene González Torres, Jessica Reese Eberhard, Irby John Lovette, Storrs Lovejoy Olson, Eldredge Bermingham: Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the Bay Wren (Troglodytidae: Thryothorus nigricapillus) complex . In: The Condor . tape 105 , no. 2 , 2003, p. 228-238 , doi : 10.1093 / condor / 105.2.228 .
  • Ludlow Griscom: The ornithology of the Caribbean coast of extreme eastern Panama . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 72 , no. 9 , 1932, pp. 303-372 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Catalog of a Collection of Birds, made in New Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., Of New York, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 7 , May 27, 1861, p. 315-334 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Joseph Taylor in: Thomas Scott Schulenberg : Bay Wren (Cantorchilus nigricapillus) in Birds of the World . Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
  • Nigel Ian Mann, Frederick Keith Barker, Jefferson Alden Graves, Kimberly Anne Dingess-Mann, Peter James Bramwell Slater: Molecular data delineate four genera of "Thryothorus" wrens . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 40 , no. 3 , September 1, 2006, p. 750-759 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.04.014 (2006).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: List of birds collected by Mr. Fraser in Ecuador, at Nanegal, Calacali, Perucho, and Puellaro; with notes and descriptions of new species . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , 1860, p. 83-98 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Richard Bowdler Sharpe: Catalog of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds in the collection of the British Museum . tape 6 . Order of the Trustees, London 1882 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1881).
  • Alexander Wetmore: The birds of Isla Escudo de Veraguas, Panamá . In: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections . tape 139 , no. 2 , July 8, 1959, p. 1-27 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1961).

Web links

Commons : Chestnut Wren ( Cantorchilus nigricapillus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Joseph Taylor
  2. ↑ a b Maribel Arlene González Torres u. a. Pp. 228-238
  3. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  4. ↑ a b Richard Bowdler Sharpe (1882), S. 217th
  5. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1861), p. 321.
  6. ↑ Alexander Wetmore (1912), p. 14.
  7. ↑ Ludlow Griscom (1932), p. 338.
  8. ↑ a b Spencer Fullerton Baird (1864), pp. 123 & 133.
  9. ↑ Frank Michler Chapman (1912), p. 157.
  10. ^ A b Philip Lutley Sclater (1860), p. 84.
  11. ↑ a b Nigel Ian Mann u. a., p. 758.
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 271.
  13. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 93.
  14. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 280.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 331.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Mann u. a. categorized the long-billed wren ( Cantorchilus longirostris ( Vieillot , 1819)) as a type for the new genus.