Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (also Katheryn, Katharine) (born March 22, 1519 or 1520 , Parham Old Hall near Framlingham; † September 19, 1580 ) was an English noblewoman and was one of the first energetic proponents and patrons of the Reformed Protestant Religion in England . During the Catholic Counter-Reformation under Mary I , she was persecuted and had to flee England. She spent several years in exile in Wesel and Poland under adventurous circumstances and only returned to England under the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.
She was praised by contemporaries for her sharp wit and thirst for knowledge as a woman who could rival the greatest minds of her time, but was still feared for her outbursts of temper and verbal tips.
In life, she was better known as the Duchess of Suffolk ( Duchess of Suffolk ), after the title she because her first marriage to Charles Brandon , Duke of Suffolk, led.
Life
Childhood and youth
Katherine Willoughby was the only surviving child after two sons who died young and the heiress of William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby and María de Salinas , a Spanish lady-in-waiting and close confidante of Queen Catherine of Aragon . The exact day and month of her birth are known, but her year of birth cannot be clearly determined. In England in the 16th century the year officially began on March 25th (according to the Julian calendar ), but the modern Gregorian calendar was also used in parallel , with the year beginning on January 1st. The recorded date of Katherine's birth, March 22, 1519, could therefore also mean March 22, 1520.
Her parents were very popular with the English royal couple and she was baptized Katherine in the church in Ufford, near Parham, in honor of the Queen, who was also their godmother. Her male godfather was notably Stephan Gardiner , the future Bishop of Winchester, with whom she was to be seriously enemies as an adult. At first she grew up on her parents' country estate, as was customary at the time, until her father died in October 1526. The only 7-year-old Katherine was now the sole heir to his considerable fortune and the Barony of Willoughby de Eresby , as the title could be inherited as one of the few in England through the female line.
Her mother was still alive, but women rarely received the guardianship of their children and so Katherine's guardianship also fell to the crown, as is customary in cases of wealthy underage heirs. The King then sold them in November 1527 for the high sum of more than £ 2,666 to his brother-in-law Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk , who betrothed Katherine to his three-year-old son and heir Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln . This likely met with the approval of Katherine's mother, as she was in a dispute with the younger brother of her late husband, Sir Christopher Willoughby. He saw himself cheated of his brother's inheritance and instead of his niece demanded title, land and money for himself. She and Brandon clashed over and over again against Sir Christopher Willoughby over the next few years in the dispute over Katherine's inheritance and eventually won. Katherine was awarded the barony and, unlike the courtesy title of Duchess of Suffolk , which she later received through marriage, she henceforth carried the title of baroness in her own right, even if as a woman she was never allowed to take the associated seat in the House of Lords.
Katherine then grew up in the household of her guardian and his wife Mary Tudor , the king's sister, along with their daughters Frances and Eleanor and her fiancé Henry, who was four years her junior.
Duchess of Suffolk 1533-1545
The quiet childhood in the country under the care of Mary Tudor came to an end in June 1533, when she died at a young age. Her death became the catalyst for Katherine's first marriage. Katherine's fiancé Henry was too young to marry at the age of 10 and was probably already sick. His father, the now widowed Duke, as Katherine's guardian had the right to decide on their marriage, and in order not to lose the inheritance of the now 14-year-old Katherine, he decided, a man in his late 40s, to marry her himself. What Katherine herself thought of the marriage is not known. On the one hand, she later spoke out firmly against arranged marriages, on the other hand, she is said to have rushed to her husband's deathbed. The marriage took place in September 1533, Henry Brandon died the following year, and the marriage between Katherine and Charles Brandon had two sons, another Henry , born in 1535, and Charles a year or two younger .
Her new dignity as one of the highest-ranking women in the kingdom brought the young girl to the center of many important political events at court. In the following years she led u. a. as the second noble lady on the funeral procession at the funeral of Catherine of Aragon, officially received together with her husband the new Queen Anna of Cleves on her arrival in Dover and was one of the six high-ranking noble ladies ( great ladies ) of the new queen, who she was at high Performed noble services on occasions and on holidays. When she was at court with her husband, the attractive young woman was generously entertained by the king.
Religious Beliefs
Almost still a child at the time of their marriage, Katherine seemed to fill her new role with flying colors and was described as "virtuous, wise and prudent". However, her energetic personality and sharp tongue should soon also be noticeable. She had undoubtedly been raised Catholic in her childhood and her godfather Gardiner described her as "as serious in the faith as anyone", but during the late 1530s and early 1540s she was clearly moving towards Protestant thought. Today it is no longer exactly comprehensible how exactly their change of faith developed. It was certainly a lengthy process during which she picked up various new ideas and then discarded some, until she came to the firm beliefs that she later so firmly advocated. We know that as early as 1539 she showed unusual interest in religious subjects and began exchanging gifts with leading Protestant figures at court.
During this time she insulted her godfather Stephen Gardiner several times, who as Bishop of Winchester and Lord Seal Keeper was now one of the leading conservatives at court. Once, during a party game on the ducal estate, her husband asked the women to choose the gentleman present who was their favorite to take them to the table. Katherine chose Gardiner with the words "since I am not allowed to choose the man I love most, I choose you, the man who I do not love most". As the wife of one of the most powerful nobles at the court, she could afford such subtleties unscathed, but Gardiner was to carry these insults against her for life and took revenge on her as soon as he had the opportunity. Later he also accused her of dressing her lap dog in a cassock and named it after him, which caused a lot of laughter when she walked him! called out.
It is possible that Katherine also influenced her husband in his choice of a Protestant as his chaplain at this time. However, it was only after his death that she took a clear position within the rapidly emerging religious interest groups at court. In July 1546, when she bought back the guardianship of her older son from the crown, it was ultimately all leading Protestant courtiers who stood up for her as guarantors.
Widow 1545–1553
When Charles Brandon died in August 1545, Katherine Willoughby became an independent, wealthy young widow in her mid-twenties. As in her own childhood, the guardianship of her older son Henry, the nine-year-old heir to the title, fell to the Crown, but Katherine promptly bought back the guardianship. In addition, in March she received control of large parts of the property from the asset managers of her husband's inheritance due to the “special trust and confidence that they have in the said Lady Katheryn”. The social and financial position that her husband had left her and her sons was strong and Katherine could now devote herself increasingly to her religious interests in addition to the education of her sons and the administration of the lands.
The Queen's Reformist Circle
From then on she moved openly in the reformist circle around Queen Catherine Parr , with whom she had already had a close friendship. In this circle people were open to the ideas of the new faith, the queen herself composed prayers in English instead of Latin and was one of the few women of her time to publish a book of Prayers and Meditations . Katherine Willoughby participated in the English Bible readings and lively theological debates that took place in her chambers when women were not supposed to. She was soon named by the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, as one of the women whom the Queen "incited in heretical views". The Conservatives, led by Gardiner and Lord Chancellor Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton , watched the activities of the Queen and her circle with increasing suspicion and eventually carried out a blow against them.
In May 1546, the Protestant street preacher Anne Askew , who denied the miracle of transubstantiation , was imprisoned in the Tower . The real goal, however, were their high-ranking co-religionists at court. Anne Askew was tortured in order to extract the name of her, perhaps even the Queen's, from her.
“Then they asked me about Milady Suffolk, Milady Sussex, Milady Hertford , Milady Denny and Milady Fitzwilliams ... [because] the King was informed that I could betray a large number of my sect ... Then they put me on the rack because I was betrayed no lady or lady who was of my opinion. "
Fortunately for Katherine, Anne Askew persevered under the torture and denied knowing her or any of the others. The noble ladies escaped punishment, but Anne Askew was less fortunate and was burned at the stake shortly afterwards.
In no way discouraged after this failed attempt to harm the reformist circle, the conservatives did not give up but attacked the queen directly. Gardiner and Wriothesly accused her of heresy and got the king to sign an arrest warrant for her. Previously, rumors had surfaced that the King was tired of his wife and was considering Katherine Willoughby as the seventh wife. The only way the queen escaped arrest was because she managed to speak to the king personally at the last minute and convince him of her innocence.
Patroness of Reform
Shortly after these events, old King Henry VIII died and his son Edward was crowned. The only nine-year-old boy had been brought up in the spirit of the new faith and, under the leadership of his uncle Edward Seymour , the Protestants now seized power in England in order to advance the reform. Katherine's archenemy Stephen Gardiner was imprisoned in 1549 after bitter resistance to the reforms in the Tower, which she subtly commented that it was "funny among the lambs when the wolf is locked away". Golden times had dawned for Katherine Willoughby, she could openly act as the patroness of Protestantism, and her determined sponsorship and financial support soon helped to shape a new Protestant culture. She introduced Protestant clergymen into her Lincolnshire congregations and:
“She has been very active in supporting government efforts to abolish superfluous holy days, remove images and relics from churches, destroy shrines and other monuments of idolatry and superstition, convert the clergy, and see that every church [ ...] made an edition of the Great Bible available for inspection and to persuade the bishops, vicars and curates to preach with zeal against the usurped authority of the Pope and to inculcate the Holy Scriptures, the Our Father, on all, especially the youth to read the Articles of Faith and the Ten Commandments in English. "
More than a dozen books have either been dedicated to her or printed with her coat of arms (i.e. co-financed by her), including a work by Erasmus of Rotterdam and Bible translations by Tyndale . In November 1547 the pamphlet The Lamentation of a Sinner was published by Queen Catherine Parr, "printed at the express request of the Most Gracious Lady Katherine, Duchess of Suffolk," a work aimed at lifting the prohibition on reading the Bible for women and the lower classes.
In addition to Catherine Parr, Lord Protector Edward Seymour and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , the undoubted leaders of the English Reformation, Katherine's like-minded close friends also included Bishop Hugh Latimer , who had sat in the Tower under Henry VIII and whom she now invited to join her on her property Chaplain delivering sermons. It is thanks to her that many of his sermons have survived to this day, since she had them printed. She also had a close friendship with William Cecil , who later became Queen Elisabeth's minister, and the German Protestant Martin Bucer , who had fled Strasbourg to England because of his religion. She supported him financially and helped found so-called Stranger Churches for Protestant refugees from abroad like him.
Her friend Catherine Parr died in childbirth in 1548, giving birth to her daughter Mary, after she married Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, to Katherine's displeasure . Seven months later, Seymour was executed for high treason. In his will he decreed that Mary should be placed in Katherine's care, which she, however, felt as a burden. The little girl doesn't seem to have survived long, however, as the last records of her in Katherine's household end shortly after her second birthday.
Katherine occupied herself all the more intensely with the upbringing of her own sons, whose education she attached great importance to. Even at lunch, the boys were asked to debate philosophy and theology in Latin and then translate passages in Greek. Her younger son Charles initially stayed at home with her and was tutored, while Henry was trained at court with the young king. Most unusual at a time when arranged marriages were the norm, she turned down Edward Seymours' proposal to marry Henry to his daughter Anne. That too was one of the new ideas of the reform. "[I] cannot say what worse we could do than to put our children in such a miserable position not to be able to choose what they like ... would they marry on our orders and without their own consent, they would Approval as it should be given in marriage matters cannot yet be measured. "
Death of sons
Henry, now 14, and his brother, both intelligent and gifted students, were sent to study by Katherine in 1549 at St John's College at the University of Cambridge , a center of Protestant ideas where both Latimer and Cecil had studied. Her friend, the humanist Thomas Wilson, was her teacher there. To be closer to her children, she moved into a house in Kingston, near the university town. In 1551 an epidemic of the dreaded sweating disease broke out there . The two boys fled to Buckden immediately, but too late, both had already become infected. When Katherine, who had rushed after them, arrived in Buckden early in the morning of July 14, 1551, Henry was already dead. Charles died in her presence half an hour later. They were only 15 and 13 years old.
The tragic death of her sons hit Katherine so hard that she became physically ill and, in her grief, withdrew from everyone, "wishing with all her heart if it was God's will to end her life". After all, she only found consolation in her religion. Thomas Wilson dedicated a section to her in his book The Arte of Rhethorique in which he tried to comfort her over her loss by reminding her of God's will. Katherine found strength in that thought. She wrote to her friend Cecil in September:
“I thank God for all His favors, with which He was pleased to shower me, and I truly do not take this last and at first sight harsh and bitterest punishment as the least of His favors, insofar as no other before me so well taught to know His power, His love and grace and my own weakness and the wretched condition that I would have to endure without Him here [on earth]. And to assure you that I find great comfort in Him, I would like to tell you face to face, but since my flesh is weak, I can hardly look at my friends in peace [...] without being sad. "
Slowly Katherine recovered from her stroke of fate and was able to look forward again to start a new life. Katherine spent Christmas that year with the rest of her family, with her stepdaughter Frances Brandon and her daughters, including Jane Gray , who a few years later would usurp the English throne for nine days, in an attempt to prevent Catholic Mary from undertaking reforms to reverse in England.
Second marriage
At the beginning of 1553 (possibly as early as 1552) Katherine married for the second time. Her new husband, Richard Bertie, was only two or three years older than her and had served in her household as her gentleman usher for several years , as such, he did important confidential business for her and walked before her in ceremonial processions. He was an educated man who was fluent in Latin, French, and Italian and shared her Protestant beliefs. One can safely assume that it was a love marriage. Despite this marriage, Katherine continued to be known as the Duchess of Suffolk, even if this title had long since passed to her stepdaughter Frances Brandon, whose husband had been granted the title Duke of Suffolk after the death of Katherine's sons in 1551 . In 1554 Katherine's daughter Susan was born.
Counter-Reformation under Maria I. 1553–1558
Her newfound personal happiness was soon marred by political changes. With the early death of Edward VI. in 1553 his Catholic sister Maria I ascended the throne, who immediately initiated a Catholic Counter-Reformation . As one of her first official acts, she got Stephan Gardiner out of the Tower and made him her Lord Chancellor. The laws against heresy were reintroduced and the Holy Mass allowed again, but reading the English Bible was banned.
Many leading reformers, including Hugh Latimer , have now been imprisoned and interrogated, a prelude to the unprecedented mass burnings of heretics that soon began in England and which eventually earned the Queen the nickname "the Bloody One". Katherine supported the detainees with money, but it was to be expected that she would soon find herself in trouble. The woman who fell under Edward VI. had spoken out so openly and energetically for Protestantism that even her fellow believer Richard Morison called her passionate outbursts "the Lady Suffolk attacks", and who was ominously described by the Catholics as "the greatest heretic in the kingdom", could under the new one Regime did not go long unmolested.
threat
At Pentecost 1554 the time had come. Under threat of heavy fines, Gardiner, who was now extremely powerful as the first minister of the new regime, ordered Richard Bertie to come to him, ostensibly to collect 4,000 pounds for the Queen, which Katherine's first husband Maria's father had owed King Henry. When Bertie stated that Katherine, as an asset manager, had already begun to repay the debt, Gardiner revealed the real reason for the audience.
“I hear bad things about your religion. If I may ask a question about my lady, your wife, she is as ready to celebrate Mass now as she was just a short time ready to tear it down when she ordered a dog in her suite to be dressed in a cassock and by my name to call? Or does she think her lambs are now safe, who told me it was funny with the lambs, now that the wolf is locked away when I took off my hat from my dungeon window in the tower in front of her in greeting? "
Bertie replied:
“As for the Mass, it has learned to despise it inwardly through the strong persuasion of many learned men and through the general opinion and order of the past six years. Should she now allow her outwardly, she would be a false Christian to God and a pretending subject to her queen ... A religious confession of the mouth, contrary to the conviction of the heart, causes condemnation where redemption is given ... She can only be persuaded, cannot be converted by command. "
Gardiner urged Bertie to convert his wife, offered him friendship and released him for the time being. They were soon told through friends that the bishop intended to summon Katherine to a confession of faith. Katherine had to fear that, like her friend Latimer, she would be imprisoned and possibly burned as a heretic, as hundreds of Protestants would fare in the next few years.
The Berties decided to flee England.
Escape from England
Richard Bertie was able to obtain an exit permit from the Queen under the pretext of wanting to collect debts in Spain to which Katherine's first husband still owed from there. He left England in June 1554, and Katherine had to stay behind with her young daughter to keep up appearances. It was not until New Year's morning in 1555 that she secretly followed him. Disguised as a business woman, she left her property in London between four and five in the morning, accompanied only by an initiate and a few servants. When they tried to escape through the gate, a security guard heard the noise and while fleeing from him, Katherine lost all her luggage with her daughter's baby clothes.
The royal council already knew of her escape when, shortly afterwards, she boarded a ferry to Leigh, where the ship was ready for her escape, and had her house searched. Even when she arrived in Leigh, they already knew about her, so that she only remained undetected because a merchant named Gosling passed her off as his adult daughter on a visit. It wasn't until a few days later that Katherine was finally able to board a ship to Holland. After it had almost been driven back to England twice by unfavorable winds and was even inspected once in search of her, she finally arrived safely in Brabant.
Years of exile
Katherine and her husband initially settled anonymously in a small town called Santon near Wesel , where many religious refugees, especially Walloons, found shelter at the time. Katherine knew the Protestant pastor there, Francis Perusell, from his time in England and they asked him to find shelter and official protection for her in Wesel. Before everything was ready for them, however, the Santon magistrate discovered that they were not the common people they claimed to be, and the Berties had to flee in no more than a month after their arrival. They left their house in the afternoon as if for a walk and simply walked to Wesel. Once there, they could not find any accommodation, everywhere in the inns they were mistaken for a hated mercenary and his wife and they were turned back.
With her crying daughter in her arms, Katherine had to take refuge under an archway of the church at night in the pouring rain and in the winter cold, while her husband went out to at least buy them warm straw and coal for a fire. Since Bertie didn't speak Dutch, he had trouble making himself understood, but then happened upon two boys whom he heard speaking Latin and asked them to show him the way to a friendly Walloon. By luck they showed him the way to Francis Perusell's house, of all people, who welcomed them willingly and dressed them up.
The Berties rented a house in Wesel and the town soon spread who they were. On October 12, 1555, Katherine gave birth to a son in Wesel whom they called Peregrine in reference to their hiking trips - Latin for 'stranger' or 'pilgrim'. Four days later, in England, Katherine's friend Hugh Latimer was burned at the stake. They thought they were safe, but Wesel soon became dangerous for them too. In winter she received a warning that William Paget, one of Queen Maria's advisors who was currently in Holland, was planning to intercept and arrest her together with the Duke of Braunschweig on his way through Wesel. The Berties fled again, this time to Windsheim, where the Protestant Count Palatine Ottheinrich von Pfalz-Neuburg offered them protection and accommodation. They stayed there until the end of 1557, although their financial situation was getting worse and worse, as they no longer had any income and the money they had brought with them from England was slowly but surely running out.
An unexpected, generous offer of help reached Katherine in this desperate situation. It came from the Polish King Sigismund II August , who had heard of their unfortunate situation and offered them to live at his court. In April 1557 they began the long journey to Poland, but an incident occurred near Frankfurt that nearly killed Richard Bertie. The Berties' lap dog angered a group of armed men passing by from the Count Palatine to such an extent that they attacked the tour group. They thrust their lances into the wagon with the women and children and in the ensuing fight between them and Bertie's four mounted men, the captain's horse was killed. By the time Bertie got there, sent by his wife to fetch help in a nearby town, news had spread that the captain had been killed. Bertie was almost lynched by his brother and an angry mob, had he not been able to find refuge in an attic via a ladder until the mayor and magistrate arrived and had him arrested. He was only released the next day after the resident Count von Erbach cleared up the misunderstanding.
They finally reached Poland safely, where the king not only gave them a warm welcome, but also transferred the government of the province of Samogitia to Richard Bertie , whereby the Berties finally had a secure income. Until Queen Mary's death they lived safe and well looked after in Poland.
Return and life under Elizabeth I 1559–1580
In 1558 Maria I finally died and her sister Elisabeth, the great hope of the Protestants, ascended the throne. Katherine and Richard Bertie returned to England with their children 9 months later. They were given back all the estates and lands confiscated from Queen Maria and their exiled young son was officially naturalized.
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For when Queen Mary was deceas'd |
And when Queen Maria died |
The reality, however, looked less harmonious than in Thomas Deloney's ballad. The new Queen and her minister, Katherine's old friend William Cecil, did not pursue the reform, as everyone had expected, but avoided the field of religious politics as far as possible and showed tolerance towards both sides. Many Protestants of Katherine Willoughby's kind were disappointed and frustrated by this, especially since Katherine's beliefs had developed in almost puritanical directions while in exile. Even before her return she wrote letters urging Cecil to promote the true faith, and later she reprimanded him sharply for the hesitant reforms that had gone ahead. She never developed a warm relationship with the queen.
Back in England, Katherine Willoughby resumed her old network of contacts and patronage for Protestants. Her children, Peregrine and Susan, were taught by a tutor named Mr. Coverdale, possibly related to the Bible translator Miles Coverdale , along with ten other children as playmates and classmates, and some of her protégés were open critics of the Elizabethan Church. One of her chaplains died in prison after accusing Archbishop Edmund Grindal of not doing enough to remove papist ceremonies from the church. In the autonomous community of the Holy Trinity Minories, where Katherine owned land, Puritan priests met, protected by a loophole in the law.
Between 1567 and 1569 she had Charles Brandon's granddaughter Mary Gray in her care after she married without the Queen's permission and fell from grace.
Her efforts to obtain the title of Lord Willoughby de Eresby for her husband failed, but her petition was successful to give her daughter Susan's husband the title of Earl of Kent . Her son married Mary de Vere, a sister of the Earl of Oxford , against her will and became a successful and popular military leader under Elizabeth I.
death
After a long illness, Katherine Willoughby died at the age of 61 on September 19, 1580. She had experienced revolutionary religious changes and four different monarchs in the course of her life and, according to Augustine Bernher, a servant of Hugh Latimer, was a supporter of the preachers for 35 years, a consolation for martyrs and an instrument of God in spreading the gospel. Her son Peregrine inherited the barony of Willoughby de Eresby. Katherine was buried in Spilsby Church with her husband Richard Bertie, who died two years after her. Their magnificent alabaster tomb can still be viewed there today.
obituary
During Katherine Willoughby's lifetime, her flight and exile were described in John Foxe's Protestant propaganda work Acts and Monuments , and within a few years of her death two more works were written about her eventful life. The play The Duchess of Suffolk, her life (printed 1631) by Thomas Drue and a ballad sung to the tune of Queen Dido by Thomas Deloney entitled The most rare and excellent history of the Dutchess of Suffolk's and her husband Richard Bertie's Calamity , which became very popular in the Elizabethan age and is preserved in three collections of works.
More recently, her descendant Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby wrote a biography of Katherine Willoughby and she appeared as a character in 14 episodes of the television series The Tudors , played by actress Rebekah Wainwright. In it she does not marry Charles Brandon until the age of 17 and is initially portrayed as a Catholic and opponent of Anne Boleyn , who sympathizes with the Catholic rebels of the Pilgrimage of Grace . However, she then becomes estranged from her husband and becomes a Protestant and supporter of Anne Askew.
Katherine Willoughby is also the protagonist in Suzannah Dunn's novel The Sixth Wife about Catherine Parr.
progeny
from 1st marriage to Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
- Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (born September 18, 1535 - † July 14, 1551 at the English sweat )
- Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (* approx. 1537/38; † July 14, 1551 also on English sweat, one hour after his brother)
from 2nd marriage to Richard Bertie
- Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent (* 1554), married Reginald Gray, 5th Earl of Kent , in 1570 and later on September 30, 1581 John Wingfield, with whom she had sons Peregrine and Robert Wingfield
- Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (October 12, 1555 - June 25, 1601), married Mary de Vere in 1577, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford , with whom he had seven children
literature
Primary sources
- Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1509-1547 . ed. JS Brewer et al. London 1862-1932
- Calendar of state papers, Domestic series, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, 1547-1580 . ed. by Robert Lemon. London 1856
Biographies
- Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk . Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1963, Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
- Lady Cecilie Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby Goff: A Woman of the Tudor Age, A biography of Katharine Willoughby Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk. [SI] J. Murray, 1930
- Kelly Hart: The Seventh Wife. Tempus Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7524-4992-0 .
Contemporary
- Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique . 1560; edited by GH Mair, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1909, Textarchiv - Internet Archive (The chapter Of Comfort is dedicated to her in comfort over the death of her sons).
- John Foxe, George Townsend, Josiah Pratt, the younger: The acts and monuments of John Foxe . Seeleys, London 1868, Volume 8, Part 2, archive.org (report on her escape from England and the years of exile, probably written by Richard Bertie himself).
- Thomas Deloney: Strange Histories of Kings, Princes, Dukes, Earles, Lords, Ladies, Knights and Gentlemen. With the great troubles and miseries of the Dutches of Suffolke . From the ed. Of 1607, with an introd. and notes, C. Richards St. Martin's Lane, London 1841, Text Archive - Internet Archive (ballad about flight and exile).
Others
- Melissa Franklin-Harkrider: Women, Reform and Community in Early Modern England, Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, and Lincolnshire's Godly Aristocracy, 1519-1580 . Woodbridge, Rochester NY / Boydell 2008, ISBN 1-84383-365-4 .
- Paul FM number: Five Women of the English Reformation . Grand Rapids 2001, ISBN 0-8028-3825-1 .
- Brian Harrison HCG Matthew: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, from the earliest times to the year 2000 . Oxford University Press, 2004, Volume 5.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1963, p. 22 f.
- ^ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1963, p. 25.
- ^ Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, pp. 95 f.
- ^ British-history.ac.uk "On Sunday next the duke of Suffolk will be married to the daughter of a Spanish lady named lady Willoughby. She was promised to his son, but he is only ten years old… “Letter from the imperial ambassador Chapuys to Emperor Charles V In: 'Henry VIII: September 1533, 1–10', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII . Volume 6: 1533 (1882)
- ^ British-history.ac.uk "Yesterday morning died the earl of Lincoln ..." Letter of March 2, 1534, William Lord Dacre to Lady Dacre In: 'Henry VIII: March 1534, 1-5', Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Volume 7: 1534 (1883)
- ^ "For the Queen's burial ... the duchess of Suffolk will be the second [Morner]" Letter from the Imperial Ambassador Chapuys of January 21, 1536 to Emperor Charles V. In: Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Volume 10: January-July 1536 (1882) Text Archive - Internet Archive
- ↑ “He and the duchess led the party which met Anne [of Cleves] at Dover. When her household was established, the duchess was one of her six 'great ladies' ”In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, C. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, p. 180
- ^ “When at court, the duke and his attractive duchess were fêted by Henry” In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, C. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, p. 177
- ↑ “virtuous, wise and discreet” In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, C. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988 p. 175
- ^ "In February 1546, those who bound themselves for the payment for her son's wardship included most of the leading evangelical courtiers: John Gates, Sir Philip Hoby, Sir William Herbert, Sir Anthony Denny, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir William Paget, and Dr George Owen, lately the queen's doctor. " In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, C. 1484-1545 Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, p. 198.
- ↑ “[…] in March 1546 his executors gave his widow control over these, professing the 'specyall truste and confydense that they beare towardys the seyd Ladye Katheryn'” In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, C. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, p. 208
- ↑ "the position he left to his wife and sons was very strong." In: Steven J. Gunn: Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484-1545. Blackwell Publishing, Williston 1988, p. 219.
- ↑ british-history.ac.uk "[...] the Queen, insti gated by the Duchess of Suffolk, Countess of Hertford and the Admiral's wife, shows herself infected [...]" letter Chapuys' to Mary of Hungary on 29 January 1547th
- ↑ Letter of February 27, 1546, Imperial Ambassador Van der Delft to Emperor Charles V. In: Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Volume 21, Part 1: 1546 Jan. – Aug. (1883), Textarchiv - Internet Archive
- ^ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk Alfred , A. Knopf, New York 1963, p. 66f "she was very active in seconding the efforts of government to abolishing superfluous Holy Days, to remove images and relics from churches, to destroy shrines and other monuments of idolatry and superstition, to reform the clergy, to see that every church had provided, in some convenient place, a copy of the large Bible, to stir up the bishops, vicars and curates to diligence in preaching against the usurped authority of the Pope; in inculcating upon all the reading of the Scriptures, and especially the young, the Pater Noster, the Articles of Faith and the Ten Commandments in English. "
- ^ HCG Matthew, Brian Harrison: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, from the earliest times to the year 2000 , Oxford University Press 2004, Volume 5, p. 487
- ↑ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk Alfred , A. Knopf, New York 1963, p. 69 Full original title: The Lamentations of a Sinner, Made by the Most Virtuous Lady Queen Catherine, Bewailing the Ignorance of her Blind Life, Set Forth and Put in Print at the Instant Desire of the Right Gracious Lady Catherine, duchess of Suffolk and the Earnest Request of the Right Honorable Lord, William Parr, Marquess of Northampton
- ↑ Leanda de Lisle: The Sisters who would be Queen, London, Harper Press 2008, p. 70.
- ↑ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk Alfred , A. Knopf, New York 1963, pp. 85f
- ^ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1963, p. 90.
- ↑ “Can but wonder at Lady Suffolk's heats. They have often cumbered him but never worse than at this time. It is a great pity that so goodly a wit waiteth on so froward a will. " Letter dated May 9, 1551, Sir Richard Morrison to Nicolas Throckmorton, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
- ↑ Leanda De Lisle: The Sisters who would be Queen. Harper Press, London 2008, p. 19.
- ^ John Foxe, George Townsend, Josiah Pratt, the younger: The acts and monuments of John Foxe. Vol. 8 / Part II, Seeleys, London 1868, p. 569 ff.
- ^ John Foxe, George Townsend, Josiah Pratt, the younger: The acts and monuments of John Foxe. Volume 8, Part II, Seeleys, London 1868, pp. 569-576.
- ↑ Evelyn Read: My Lady Suffolk, A Portrait of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk. Pp. 110-129.
- ^ HCG Matthew, Brian Harrison: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, from the earliest times to the year 2000. , Oxford University Press 2004, Volume 5, p. 487.
- ↑ JKL: Bertie, Catharine . In: Leslie Stephen (Ed.): Dictionary of National Biography . Volume 4: Beal - Beaver. , MacMillan & Co, Smith, Elder & Co., New York City / London 1885, p. 403 (English).
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| William Willoughby |
Baroness Willoughby de Eresby 1528-1580 |
Peregrine Bertie |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Willoughby de Eresby, Katherine Willoughby, 12th Baroness |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Suffolk, Katherine Willoughby Duchess of |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | English nobles |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 22, 1519 or March 22, 1520 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Parham Old Hall at Framlingham |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 19, 1580 |