Climbing poison sumac

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Climbing poison sumac
Toxicodendron radicans 001.JPG

Poisonous climbing sumac ( Toxicodendron radicans )

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family : Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)
Genre : Toxicodendron
Type : Climbing poison sumac
Scientific name
Toxicodendron radicans
( L. ) Kuntze
leaves
blossoms
fruit

The climbing poison sumac ( Toxicodendron radicans , frequent synonym : Rhus radicans ) is a creeping or sticky-rooted, poisonous shrub with sparsely hairy or bare shoots from the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The natural range is in North and South America and in east Asia.

The Climbing poison ivy ( Toxicodendron radicans ) is in English often poison ivy called ( "poison ivy"), however, is with the real Efeuarten the genus Hedera no close relatives. It is also to be distinguished from the oak-leaved poison oak ( Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. , Syn .: Rhus toxicodendron L. ), in English often called Atlantic Poison Oak ("poison oak"), and from the poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum , syn .: Rhus diversiloba ) , often called Pacific Poison Oak or Western Poison Oak in English ; Both are often summarized in an undifferentiated manner, as is warned against poison ivy .

description

The climbing poison sumac is a poisonous shrub with sparsely hairy or bare shoots that creeps on the ground, is upright or climbing with adhesive roots. The leaves are triply pinnate. The leaflets are egg-shaped to rhombic, 5 to 12 centimeters long, pointed with a rounded base and entire or sparsely sawed leaf margin. The upper side of the leaf is dark green, glabrous and shiny, the underside is more or less hairy.

The flowers grow in panicles 5 to 6 centimeters long . They bloom in June and July. The gray-white fruits are glabrous or rarely hairy.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.

Ingredients and toxicity

The climbing poison sumac, like other North American representatives of its genus, contains urushiols in its resin, which combine with proteins of the skin and thus trigger an allergic reaction that can lead to inflammation with pain, warming, reddening of the skin and swelling. People react very differently to the ingredients, but the sensitivity increases with age.

distribution

The natural range is in North America in Canada, the United States and Mexico, further on the Bahamas , Bermuda and in Guatemala, in China, Taiwan and Japan, on the Kuril Islands and on Sakhalin . In 2009 the plant appeared for the first time in Bavaria ( Dachau ) and in 2016 for the first time in Austria ( Graz ). In Switzerland, the plant was included in the black list of invasive neophytes due to its spreading potential and the damage in the areas of biodiversity , health and economy .

The climbing poison oak grows in heather and dune landscapes, on moderately dry to fresh, acidic to weakly acidic, moderately nutrient-rich soils in light to partially shaded, cool, temperate locations. The species is moderately frost hardy . The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 4 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −34.4 to −28.9 ° C (−30 to −20 ° F).

Systematics

The climbing poison sumac ( Toxicodendron radicans ) is a species of the genus Toxicodendron in the sumac family (Anacardiaceae). There the genus is assigned to the subfamily Anacardioideae. The representatives of the genus are sometimes assigned to the genus Rhus . The species was first scientifically described in 1753 by Carl von Linné as Rhus radicans . Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze assigned the species to the genus Toxicodendron . The generic name Toxicodendron is composed of the two Greek expressions toxicon for "poison" and dendron for "tree". The specific epithet radicans means "forming roots".

There are several subspecies, including:

  • Toxicodendron radicans subsp. eximium (Greene) Gillis , with a distribution area in the United States and Mexico
  • Toxicodendron radicans subsp. hispidum (Engl.) Gillis , in Asia
  • Toxicodendron radicans subsp. radicans , in Canada, the United States, and the Caribbean
  • Toxicodendron radicans subsp. verrucosum (Scheele) Gillis in the United States and Mexico

use

The climbing poison sumac is used very rarely. Despite the toxicity of the species and the effects on the skin, various uses by the indigenous population have been reported, including the manufacture of baskets and the dyeing of textiles.

proof

literature

  • David S. Senchina: Ethnobotany of poison ivy, poison oak, and relatives ( Toxicodendron spp., Anacardiaceae) in America: Veracity of historical accounts . In: The New England Botanical Club, Inc. (Ed.): Rhodora . tape 108 , 2006, pp. 203-227 , doi : 10.3119 / 0035-4902 (2006) 108 [203: EOPIPO] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 535.
  • Jost Fitschen: Woody flora . 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 723-724 .
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , pp. 349 (English).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , pp. 525, 649 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after Roloff et al .: Flora of the woods. P. 535 and after Fitschen: Wood flora. P. 724.
  2. ↑ a b c d Roloff et al.: Flora of the woods. P. 535.
  3. ^ Fitschen: Woody flora. Pp. 723-724.
  4. ^ Rhus radicans at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ a b Senchina: Ethnobotany of poison ivy, poison oak, and relatives ( Toxicodendron spp., Anacardiaceae) in America: Veracity of historical accounts , pp. 203-227.
  6. ↑ a b c Toxicodendron radicans . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 23, 2012 .
  7. ↑ Poison sumac in Bavaria - http://www.lfl.bayern.de/ips/unkraut/032890/. In: lfl.bayern.de. Retrieved June 7, 2016 .
  8. ↑ "Poison Ivy" first appeared in Austria - steiermark.ORF.at. In: steiermark.orf.at. Retrieved June 1, 2016 .
  9. ^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
  10. ↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
  11. ↑ Toxicodendron radicans . In: Flora of Missouri. www.efloras.org, accessed on September 23, 2012 (English).
  12. ↑ Rhus radicans . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 23, 2012 .
  13. ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 649.
  14. ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 525.
  15. ↑ Toxicodendron radicans subsp. eximium . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 23, 2012 .
  16. ↑ Tianlu Min, Anders Barfod: Toxicodendron radicans subsp. hispidum In: Flora of China. Volume 11, p. 349.
  17. ↑ Toxicodendron radicans subsp. radicans . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 23, 2012 .
  18. ↑ Toxicodendron radicans subsp. verrucosum . In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 23, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Poisonous Climbing Sumac ( Toxicodendron radicans )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files