Crown (club gold coin)
The gold coins " crown " and " half crown " are trade coins that were minted from 1857 to 1871 as club gold coins in accordance with the Vienna Mint Treaty of January 24, 1857.
Krone and Halbe Krone 1858
prehistory
The revolutionary events of 1848, the lack of a tariff agreement with Germany and the power struggle with Prussia triggered a currency crisis in Austria. There were hardly any coins in circulation to secure daily payment transactions. Austria hoped to be able to solve the problems through a new customs and trade treaty with the German states. A trade agreement was concluded in 1853, which also provided for a new coinage convention. However, the negotiations that began in 1854 failed. Austria wanted a gold standard , while Prussia and other German countries stuck to the tried and tested silver standard. They were only willing to accept a common trade gold coin without a fixed exchange rate.
For the new Finance Minister Karl Ludwig von Bruck (1798–1860) an agreement on the coin question was more important than Austria's transition to a gold currency. He succeeded in resuming negotiations in January 1856. As a result, Austria, Lichtenstein and the German customs union states agreed the Vienna Mint Treaty of January 24, 1857. The treaty came into force on May 1, 1857 and was initially to last until the end of 1878.
Contractual agreements for a club gold coin
Halbe Krone 1868
Mzz. A = Berlin 91,794 pieces
Edition 1862–1868 total 128,729 pieces Marginal writing
: GOTT ~ * ~ WITH ~ * ~ UNS ~ * ~
With the agreement on the new silver currency and the club coins to be issued, it was also clear that a common gold coin was necessary to participate in world trade. Articles 18 to 20 of the Vienna Mint Treaty contain the necessary provisions.
Name of the club gold coin
In the search for the name for the new gold coin, Jacob Grimm was first asked for help. His suggestion was to use the name "Goldling" or "Golding" based on the word "Silberling" from Martin Luther. But it was decided to give the new coin an unmistakable look with an oak wreath open at the top. The oak wreath corresponded to the shape of the Roman Corona and this gave rise to the German denomination of the crown .
- Note: In each case with the law of August 2, 1892, Austria and Hungary introduced a new gold currency called the " kroon currency ". The crown pieces embossed afterwards have nothing to do with the club's crown .
Coin weight
Austria and other German countries were able to convince Prussia to no longer use the Cologne Mark of 233.8555 g as a coin weight according to the Dresden Coin Convention. The 500 g inch pound became the new common coin weight with decimal subdivisions.
Denomination and coinage rate
Austria wanted a low gold content when negotiating the standard. The proposed 70 pieces from the inch pound would correspond to 7.143 g of gold per coin (similar to the later 20 gold mark piece of the imperial currency). As with British and Russian gold coins, Prussia preferred a fine weight of 10 g gold. After Bavaria and Saxony supported this proposal, an agreement was reached on the monetary standard :
- 1/50 pound crown (= 500 g) fine gold
- Half a crown to 1/100 of a pound (= 500 g) fine gold.
In return, Austria was allowed to mint the previous ducat as a trading coin for its south-eastern neighbors for a limited time until 1865. However, it shouldn't be the smallest club coin. The expression of the ducat is regulated by Article 20 of the Imperial Patent of September 19, 1857:
- Coin foot 81 189/855 pieces made of 0.561288 pounds of fine gold (old = 1 Vienna Mark)
- Fineness 23 carats 8 grains = 986.5 ‰
Half Crown 1866
Mz. Hanover 2,909 pieces
Mm. B = Theodor Wilhelm Brüel (1844–1868)
Edition 1857–1866 total of 20,210 copies Marginal writing
: NEC ~ * ~ ASPERA ~ * ~ TERRENT ~ * ~ (self) difficulties (literally: the rough things) do not frighten us.
Austria used this exception for an extensive ducat minting in the years from 1857 to 1867 and thus fulfilled its wishes for a small gold coin:
- Minting of 1 and 1/2 crowns with a value of 498,656.5 crowns = 4,637,505 thalers
- Minting of 1 and 4 ducats with a value of 15,055,019 ducats = 48,185,093 thalers
Mixing ratio
After lengthy negotiations, all countries agreed on the mixing ratio of gold 900 ‰ and copper 100 ‰. Taking into account the size of the coin, the weight was 45 crowns or 90 half crowns per 1 pound (= 500 g). Arguments for this agreement were that the fineness of the gold coins in circulation at that time was predominantly 900 ‰ gold.
- North American, French, Belgian and Dutch gold coins 900 ‰
- British and Russian gold coins 917 ‰
- Ducats 986 ‰
- Hanover pistols 896 ‰
- Friedrich d'or 903 ‰
It was assumed that the UK would switch to 900 ‰ in the foreseeable future. The Russian gold coins with 917 ‰ could be melted down without problems and minted again with 900 ‰. Hanover and Prussia wanted to forego the further minting of their previous gold coins with the different mixing ratio. To this end, Hanover was allowed to mint state gold coins from Harz gold as commemorative coins amounting to 2.5 pounds of gold per year (in fact, no mintings are known).
Half Crown 1857
Mz. Dresden 4,831 pieces
Mm. F - Gustav Theodor Fischer
Edition 1857–1858 total 7,286 copies Marginal writing
: GOTT * SEGNE * SACHSEN * ~ ♔ ~ *
The minting of other gold coins was prohibited in the contract. However, there were no regulations for the withdrawal of the previously minted gold coins. However, gradual withdrawal was assumed.
Only in the non-public separate article was it permitted that previously minted gold coins were permitted in the fulfillment of legal or contractual obligations. The exchange rate to the previously minted gold coins was determined by the federal states:
- Kingdom of Saxony: 5 thalers gold coin = 0.6032 crown and 1 ducat = 0.3442 crown
- Kingdom of Hanover: Pistol = 5 Taler 13 Groschen 8 Pfennig Courant, whereby the crown with 9 Taler 5 Groschen Courant was accepted at public coffers.
Error limits
The coin experts' proposal for the following error limits was included in the coin agreement:
- Deviation in fineness 2.0 ‰
- Deviation in weight 2.5 ‰
- Passing weight 5.0 ‰
The following technical data of the club gold coin result from the above contractual provisions:
Kingdom of Saxony - Kingdom of Hanover - Duchy of Braunschweig - Empire of Austria - Kingdom of Saxony - Kingdom of Prussia
| Nominal | Fineness | Fine weight | Rough weight | diameter | thickness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 crown | 900 ‰ ± 1.8 ‰ | 10.00 g | 11.111 g ± 0.027 g | 24 mm | 1.65-1.82 mm |
| 1/2 crown | 900 ‰ ± 1.8 ‰ | 5.00 g | 5.555 g ± 0.013 g | 20 mm | 1.25-1.32 mm |
- ↑ The thickness of the coins was not prescribed. These are the measured values of the coins depicted in this article.
Embossed
The appearance of the club gold coin to be produced in ring stamping was regulated in the contract:
- Obverse: Portrait of the sovereign or city arms for Frankfurt a. M.
- Reverse: Name of the coin and the year of the minting “in an open wreath of oak leaves (corona)”, designation “club coin” and indication of the partial ratio to the pound of fine gold
- Smooth edge and recessed edge writing with decoration
According to the separate article, all coins minted with the year 1857 had to comply with the Vienna Mint Treaty.
Relation to the silver currency
The new gold coin was only allowed to be a trade coin, the silver value of which was determined by supply and demand. There was no fixed value relation to the silver currency. A cash rate could be determined for payments to the state treasury, each for a period of a maximum of 6 months. The price-dependent value of the krona fluctuated only between 9.1 and 9.3 thalers due to the stable gold and silver prices. With a gold-silver value ratio of 1: 15.5, the following exchange rate resulted for the three contract currencies:
1 krone = 9.3 thaler thaler currency = 16.275 gulden southern German currency ≡ 13.95 gulden Austrian currency.
Nobody was obliged to accept the club gold coin as a means of payment. It should be absolutely prevented that there is a double currency or that the club gold coin could displace the silver currency. Therefore, the value of the club gold coin should not approach a round multiple (around 10 thalers) of the club coin. For these reasons, in contrast to earlier gold thalers, the value ratio to the thaler was missing on the mint.
The fears were unfounded. During the contract period, silver club coins to the value of 385 million thalers and club gold coins only to the value of 14.75 million thalers were minted.
scope
The area included the countries of the customs union excluding Luxembourg. In addition, in the case of Austria and Prussia, the areas that did not belong to the German Confederation. The contract did not apply in the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, as well as Limburg and Luxembourg. Schleswig and Holstein belonged to the Münzverein after 1864. By dissolution agreement of June 13, 1867, membership of Austria and Lichtenstein ended on January 1, 1868. For the other members of the Münzverein, the provisions of the Coin Contract applied until the Reich Coin Laws 1871/1873 came into force.
The area of the mint union states in 1857 comprised about 70 million inhabitants. 16 mints were involved. The contractual provisions were essentially complied with during the term of the contract. This made the club gold coin, along with the ducat, the only gold coin in Austria and Hamburg that was minted between 1857 and 1871. Bremen accepted it as a currency coin at a fixed rate of 8.4 thalers gold per crown.
The cancellation of the club gold coins took place on April 1, 1874 for the half crown worth 13.95 marks and for the crown of 27.90 marks imperial currency.
Formation of the club gold coin
Development of the expression overall
The Vienna Mint Agreement contained no obligation, but also no restriction on the issue of the club's gold coin. In fact, only six countries took part in the development during the contract period:
| States | A crown | Half crown | Total value | Shares |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| piece | piece | in crown | ||
| Empire of Austria | 101,607 | 794.099 | 498,657 | 29.9% |
| Kgr. Hanover | 774.191 | 20,210 | 784.296 | 47.0% |
| Kgr. Prussia | 212.269 | 132,444 | 278.491 | 16.7% |
| Kgr. Saxony | 49,600 | 14,278 | 56,739 | 3.4% |
| Kgr.Bavaria | 1,860 | 4.013 | 3,867 | 0.2% |
| Hzm. Braunschweig | 45,298 | 0 | 45,298 | 2.7% |
| total | 1,184,825 | 965.044 | 1,667,347 | 100.0% |
Frankfurt a. M. also wanted to participate in the development of the club's crown. The official announcement of the mayor of Neuburg appeared on May 15, 1858. Because of the annexation of Frankfurt by Prussia, this did not take place. The Frankfurt stamps that had already been completed were delivered to Berlin.
The editions in the minting years were subject to strong fluctuations for political and economic reasons.
From 1857 to 1859, the insolvency of American banks resulted in a global financial and economic crisis. There was an increased outflow of money to the USA. Friedrich Engels wrote to Karl Marx on February 7, 1857 :
"Everything is worthless, absolutely worthless, except silver and gold."
Krone 1858
Mz. Dresden 4,610 pieces Mm
. F - Gustav Theodor Fischer
Edition 1857–1859 total 17,230 pieces Marginal writing
: GOTT * SEGNE * SACHSEN * ~ ♔ ~ *
In order to prevent the banks from collapsing, the mints had to work to the limit of their capacities. The market was flooded with gold and silver coins. This resulted in the high production in the first few years. The crisis was overcome relatively quickly. The downside was that the gold coins that had flowed abroad were melted down immediately. Therefore, when the club's crown was suspended on April 1, 1874, of the 2,138,256 gold crowns minted, only 332,091 were redeemed by the end of the exchange period on June 30, 1874.
The high circulation in 1865 resulted almost entirely from the issue in Hanover before the annexation by the Kingdom of Prussia. There was also an independent gold currency alongside the official silver currency.
For the past three years there has been little interest in the further development of the club gold coin. After the Latin coinage convention with the golden 5-franc piece was passed in Paris on December 23, 1865 , the demands for the abolition of the club's crown increased. From June 17 to July 6, 1867, a coin conference took place in Paris with the participation of almost all European countries and the USA. The demand for a gold currency, possibly even with a world coin unit, found supporters. The German Trading Day also discussed the introduction of a gold currency in 1867 and 1868. At the plenary meeting on October 20. By October 21, 1868 it was clear that there would be a new gold coin. The date should be January 1, 1872.
The English gold coin Sovereign, recognized on the world market, continued to be used on German trading venues. The circulation of the club's crown of 14.75 million thalers was far too low. Every year goods worth 60 million talers were sold at the Leipzig trade fairs alone .
Formation in the Austrian Empire
Krone 1858
Mzz. E = Karlsburg 31,000 copies in the
margin: WITH UNITED KRAEFTEN ~ * ~
According to Articles 13 to 18 of the Imperial Patent of September 19, 1857, the Austrian Empire decided to issue both club gold coins. After that, the following mint applied to all club gold coins:
- Obverse: Half-length portrait of the emperor with the inscription "FRANZ JOSEPH IVGG KAISER V. OESTERREICH" (Franz Joseph the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria)
- Marginal writing: motto "WITH UNITED FORCE" and six-pointed star
In addition, Article 21 of the Imperial Patent stipulates that the border of all coin pieces on both sides consists of a flat rod, the inner circumference of which is touched by a pearl circle (pearl next to pearl).
The coins had to show the specified mint symbols: A = Vienna, B = Kremnitz, E = Karlsburg, M = Milan, V = Venice
Over 91% of the total circulation of 91,056 pieces of the one-crown coin were minted in 1858 alone.
| Mint | A crown |
| Vienna | 47,000 pieces |
| Karlsburg | 31,000 pieces |
| Mint | A crown |
| Milan | 3,974 pieces |
| Venice | 1,185 pieces |
After that there were only coins in Vienna:
| 1860 | 1861 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 |
| 557 pieces | 2,010 pieces | 1,000 pieces | 1,530 pieces | 2,800 pieces |
Around 79% of the total circulation of 794,099 half-crown coins were minted in the Vienna mint between 1858 and 1861. Another 67,000 pieces were struck by the Kremnitz mint and 97,000 pieces by Karlsburg. The Venice mint was only involved in 1858 with 947 copies. In the period from 1863 to 1865, only Vienna minted the last 2,370 pieces.
From 1858 to 1865 there were no changes in the design of the coins. Only a few specimens of the Vienna Mint with a head portrait with longer whiskers are said to exist in 1866.
Formation in the Kingdom of Prussia
Halbe Krone 1862
Mzz. A = Berlin 6,365 copies
Edition 1862–1868 total of 126,690 copies Marginal writing
: GOTT ~ * ~ WITH ~ * ~ UNS ~ * ~
The Kingdom of Prussia participated in accordance with § 11ff. of the Coin Act of May 4, 1857 on the issue of both club gold coins. Other gold coins could no longer be minted. Details were regulated by the “Ordinance concerning the form and minting of the types of coins which are minted in accordance with this law” of June 21, 1858. The minting took place in the polished ring from 1858 onwards.
- Obverse: bust of the king with the inscription FRIEDR. WILHELM IV KOENIG V. PRUSSEN, the mint mark A under the neck
- Reverse: oak wreath in the shape of the Roman Corona, open at the top, inside the inscription 1 KRONE with the year below; above the wreath the inscription VEREINSMÜNZE and under the wreath in small letters: 50 ONE POUND FINE, both inscriptions separated by two rosettes on the center line, which cuts the word CROWN lengthways through;
- Edge: on both embossed sides on the edge a pearl circle with flat edge sticks; on the smooth edge of the edge the recessed inscription: GOTT MIT UNS, the individual words separated by recessed leaf-like decorations.
The design of the half crown was analogous. The expression took place under the reign of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. And Wilhelm I.
| Embossing period | A crown | Half crown |
| Berlin Mint | ||
| 1858-1860 | 57,047 pieces | 2,036 pieces |
| Embossing period | A crown | Half crown |
| Berlin Mint | ||
| 1861-1864 | 11,491 pieces | 14,847 pieces |
| 1866-1868 | 102,171 pieces | 20,049 pieces |
| 1870 | 1,764 pieces | - |
| Hanover Mint | ||
| 1867-1868 | 39,796 pieces | 3,718 pieces |
The pieces minted in the Hanover Mint in 1867 and 1868 under Prussian rule were Prussian crowns.
Formation in the Kingdom of Hanover
Crown 1859
Mz. Hanover 19,983 pieces Mm
. B = Theodor Wilhelm Brüel (1844–1868)
Signature on the neck section by medalist Heinrich Fr. Brehmer
Edition 1857–1866, a total of 774,191 pieces
The new coin law was announced in the collection of laws for the Kingdom of Hanover on June 3, 1857. Under King George V, from 1857 until the occupation by Prussia in June 1866, the Hanover mint minted by far the most one-crown pieces. The very high circulation of 774,191 pieces was due to the fact that, due to the earlier link to England, an independent gold currency existed alongside the silver currency. The country also had gold mines in the Harz Mountains. In addition, there was the financing of the war, which in 1865 led to the highest annual production of all states under the Vienna Mint Treaty with 319,603 one-kroner coins.
The picture side comes from the medalist Heinrich Friedrich Brehmer , whose signature is on the neck section of the one-crown piece. The mintmaster's mark B under the head portrait stands for the mintmaster Theodor Wilhelm Brüel .
The marginal writing NEC ASPERA TERRENT = (self) difficulties (literally: the rough things) do not frighten us. is the motto of the Guelph Order. The Guelph Order was awarded by the Kingdom of Hanover and was founded on August 12, 1815 by the Prince Regent and later King George IV. This motto is also used for the marginal writing of the Braunschweiger Kronen.
The conversion rate to the taler currency was announced in 1858 for payments to the royal coffers as follows: 1 crown = 9 talers 5 groschen and 1 pistol (5 gold talers) = 5 talers 13 groschen 8 pfennigs.
Form in the Kingdom of Saxony
Half Crown 1861
Edition of 3,908 pieces
Mint Dresden
Mmz. B - Gustav Julius Buschick
Edition 1860–1871 total 32,370 pieces Marginal writing
: GOTT * SEGNE * SACHSEN * ~ ♔ ~ *
Half Crown 1866
Edition of 1,559 pieces
Mint Dresden
Mmz. B - Gustav Julius Buschick
Edition 1862–1870 total 6,992 pieces
margin writing like a crown
The Kingdom of Saxony regulated with § 7ff. the regulation due to the contractual modification of the local coin constitution of May 19, 1857, the minting of both club gold coins.
All minting took place under King Johann in the Dresden mint . When the mint master changed, there were no changes to the mint apart from the mint mark.
The king's head portrait from 1855 is used unchanged, designed by the first engraver of the Royal Mint, Karl Christian Friedrich Ulbricht, who worked in Dresden from 1848 to 1860. Ulbricht designed the portrait based on the bust of the king created in 1855 by the sculptor Ernst Rietschel in the classicism style. King Johann was the last Saxon king who did not renounce divine right in the title inscription .
| Mint master | A crown | Half crown |
| F = Gustav Theodor Fischer from 1857–1859 | 17,230 pieces | 7,286 pieces |
| B = Gustav Julius Buschick from 1860–1871 | 32,370 pieces | 6,992 pieces |
The year 1871 was minted only in Saxony and thus also the last club crown.
Although the numbers are low, they mean a significantly higher gold coinage compared to the period of the Dresden Coin Convention.
| Period | Years | Share of total value | Gold thalers |
| Vienna Coin Convention 1806-1837 | 32 | 91.8% | 8,457,232 |
| Dresden Coin Convention 1838–1857 | 20th | 2.5% | 228.943 |
| Vienna Mint Treaty 1858 - 1871/1873 | 14th | 5.7% | 521.996 |
| Total value | 9.208.171 |
The Sophiendukat, which was minted in Saxony until 1873, was not a trade coin, but a medal and did not require any approval.
Expression in the Kingdom of Bavaria
Halbe Krone 1857 Mz. Munich 1,749 pieces
Edition 1857–1864 total 4,001 pieces Marginal writing
: GOTT * SEGNE * BAYERN * - *
The Kingdom of Bavaria regulated the expression in § 16ff. the Royal Very Highest Ordinance, the execution of the minting contract of January 24th, 1857 concerning August 25th, 1858. Almost all pieces were minted in extremely small numbers from 1857 to 1861 in the royal mint in Munich under King Maximilian II Joseph. The individual copies from 1864 to 1869 under King Ludwig II are more likely to be counted among the trial issues.
The face of both coins comes from the medalist Carl Friedrich Voigt. His signature is always under the head portrait.
The conversion rate to the southern German guilder currency is given as about 1 club crown = 15 guilders 54 kreuzers.
Formation in the Duchy of Braunschweig
Krone 1858 Mz. Braunschweig 31,865 pieces Mm
. B - Johann W.Chr. Brumleu
Edition 1858–1859 45,298 copies in total Marginal writing
: NEC ~ * ~ ASPERA ~ * ~ TERRENT ~ * ~ See Hanover for translation
The law concerning the new coin constitution dated May 15, 1857. According to the annex to § 25 of the coin constitution, the external shape of the coins is described according to the Vienna Mint Treaty.
According to § 30 Münzverfassung the old gold coins (pistols) remained at 10, 5 and 2½ gold coins for payments by law or contract cash at a price of 1 crown = 8 393 / 1000 Taler gold.
The minting of resin gold in the Braunschweig mint under Duke Wilhelm only took place in 1858 with 31,865 coins and in 1859 with 13,433 one-crown coins.
The mintmaster's mark B for mintmaster Johann W. Chr. Brumleu is located under the image. The mint was closed in 1860.
Individual evidence
- ^ Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, p. 64ff.
- ↑ a b c d Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für die Kaiserthum Oesterreich, year 1857, XXIII.Piece, No. 101. dated June 6, 1857, p. 373ff.
- ↑ Hermann Grote, Die Geldlehre, 1865, p. 152.
- ^ Reichsgesetzblatt for the kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrathe, year 1892, XLIII. Piece, No. 126 of August 11, 1892, p. 641 ff.
- ↑ a b Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, pp. 73–95
- ^ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, year 1857, XXXIII.Stück, Nr.169. 19 September 1857, p. 489
- ↑ a b c Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, p. 105ff.
- ↑ Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony, year 1857, 6th part, No. 40, § 12, p. 96ff.
- ^ Collection of laws, ordinances and tenders for the Kingdom of Hanover, year 1858, No.36.S.305
- ^ Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, p. 114.
- ^ H. Jungk, Die Bremische Münzen, Bremen 1875, p.178, no.84
- ^ Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt: Announcement regarding the suspension of state gold coins and foreign gold coins that are legally equivalent to domestic coins from December 6th, 1873, RGBl. P. 375.
- ^ Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, p. 240.
- ^ Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, Correspondence, Vol. II, p. 300.
- ↑ Announcement of December 6, 1873, RGBl. 1873 No. 32 p. 375.
- ^ Karl Helfferich, The Consequences of the German-Austrian Mint Association of 1857, Strasbourg 1894
- ^ Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Oesterreich, year 1857, XXXIII.Stück, Nr.169. from September 19, 1857, pp. 487ff.
- ^ Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, p. 221.
- ↑ Collection of Laws for the Royal Prussian States, year 1857, No. 24 of May 23, 1857, p. 305 ff.
- ↑ Law Collection for the Royal Prussian States, year 1858, No. 33, p. 365ff.
- ^ Wilhelm Zich, dissertation at the University of Vienna, August 2009, pp. 125ff.
- ^ Arnold / Küthmann / Steinhilber, revised and expanded by Faßbender, Dieter "Grosser Deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis heute", 29th edition 2014, country: Prussia No. 67, 68, 93 and 94
- ↑ Announcement of the Ministry of Finance of September 24, 1858, Collection of Laws for the Kingdom of Hanover, 1858, No. 36, p. 305.
- ↑ Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony, year 1857, 6th part, No. 40, p. 96ff.
- ^ Arnold / Küthmann / Steinhilber, revised and expanded by Faßbender, Dieter "Grosser Deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis today", 29th edition 2014, Land: Saxony, Kingdom No. 122 and 124
- ^ Lorenz, Rudolf, The Coins of the Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1871, HOBRIA Berlin, 1968, p. 19.
- ^ The state treaties of the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1806 to 1858. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 1860, page 752. Digital full-text edition in Wikisource
- ^ Arnold / Küthmann / Steinhilber, revised and expanded by Faßbender, Dieter "Grosser Deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis today", 29th edition 2014, Land: Bavaria No. 140, 141, 170 and 171
- ↑ Law and Ordinance Collection Braunschweig 1857, No. 28 of June 2, 1857, pp. 85ff.
- ^ Arnold / Küthmann / Steinhilber, revised and expanded by Faßbender, Dieter "Grosser Deutscher Münzkatalog von 1800 bis today", 29th edition 2014, country: Braunschweig No. 68