Austrian crown

This article explains the currency of Austria-Hungary. For the coronation insignia of the Austrian Empire, see Austrian Imperial Crown .

Austrian crown 1892 to 1925
Country:	Austria-Hungary , German Austria , First Republic , Liechtenstein (until 1924)
Subdivision:	100 lighter
Abbreviation:	K, kr
Exchange rate : (1912)	1.176 crowns = 1 mark

Banknote of 20 crowns, 1913 - obverse with the coat of arms of the Austrian Empire, in German, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian (Ukrainian), Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and Romanian

20 kroner banknote, 1913 - reverse with the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary, in Hungarian

The krona , unofficially abroad since its introduction, from 1919 on in Austria officially called " Austrian krona ", was the gold currency of Austria-Hungary until 1918 and the currency of the Republic of Austria from 1918 to 1925. It replaced the in the course of the currency conversion of 1892 Guilder , which was a standard silver currency . In colloquial language , the gold coins of 10, 20 and 100 kroner were called “gold crowns” .

In the Austrian half corresponded 100 Heller a crown (derived from the Greek "κορώνα" or Latin "corona" for "Crown"). In the Hungarian half of the empire the name was " Korona "; one corona corresponded to 100 fillers .

history

Currency conversion in 1892

In 1892 the guilder was replaced by the 100 Heller Krone. Until January 1, 1900, the gulden (fl.) Was valid currency alongside the kroon (K), the exchange rate was two kroner for one gulden (→ gold crown ). The changeover was not associated with changes in monetary policy, as is typical for currency reforms, and was therefore not a reform, just a renaming.

On the banknotes of the Austro-Hungarian bank (the central bank of the dual monarchy; it was written with a lowercase "u"), the name of the currency on the Austrian side was also given in other languages ​​of the monarchy , since the nationalities were equal according to the December constitution of 1867 ( "Koruna", "korona", "corona", "krona", "kruna", "coroană"), on the Hungarian side, according to the Magyar nationality policy, only in Hungarian.

While the banknotes were issued by the common central bank, the coinage between the Hungarian and the Austrian part of the empire was carried out separately. Therefore, the coins only showed symbols of the respective “half of the empire”. However, they circulated throughout Austria-Hungary - just as the coins minted in the euro countries are in circulation throughout the euro zone today.

The exchange rate against the mark of the German Empire , set as part of the gold standard , was 1.176 kroner in 1912.

On the basis of the statutes of the Austrian-Hungarian Bank, the aforementioned bank was obliged to exchange banknotes for metal money (but not necessarily gold!) At its main offices in Vienna and Budapest within 24 hours, otherwise it would have lost its banknote privilege. At branch offices, this obligation existed in the context of inventories. Conversely, the bank was also obliged to convert an unlimited amount of gold into paper money at the coin rate - which was probably the lesser problem in practice. The circulation of the coins was also limited by law.

First World War

Even before the war, the central bank (according to Ludwig von Mises ) was not legally obliged to exchange banknotes for gold, but did so voluntarily to ensure the stability of the crown.

As early as August 4, 1914, an Imperial Ordinance (RGBl. 198/1914) was issued, according to which the Oesterreichisch-Hungarian Bank was authorized to enforce provisions that differ from the banking statutes. As a result, in addition to a lower metal cover for banknotes in circulation, this led to a suspension of the redemption obligation in gold.

A wave of accelerated inflation began with World War I, as it was largely financed through bonds. The expansion of the money supply was not matched by a corresponding amount of goods; the shortage in almost all areas quickly led to price increases. The price level at the end of the war was fifteen times what it was in 1914.

1000 kroner banknote, 1902; the imprint " German Austria " was applied from March 1919 - front

Disintegration of the monarchy, successor states

At the beginning of 1919, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (called Yugoslavia from 1929) , the Czechoslovak Republic , the republican state of German Austria and then also republican Hungary , which (for the time being) retained the krona currency, separated from the previous one by stamping their banknotes Common currency. Austria covered the enormous costs of the war not with taxes (e.g. tax increases and / or new taxes), but “with the banknote press”: it printed (like the German Empire; more here ) additional money (which caused inflation ). The common currency area of ​​the Habsburg Empire quickly dissolved (especially since German Austria hardly took or could hardly consider the economic and political needs of other successor states).

In January 1919, the new South Slav state began to stamp its own kroner banknotes. The Czechoslovakia in February 1919. In order followed the influx of crown banknotes unknown origin, for example from Hungary to prevent, also had German Austria in March 1919, the stamping of its banknotes in circulation begin. Due to the different inflation rates in the following years, these kroner currencies had very different values. Czechoslovakia kept its Koruna , Austria had to give it up in 1925.

500,000 kroner hyperinflation banknote, 1922

Austria until 1925

Continuing enormous budget deficits in German Austria (among other things to subsidize food) and currency speculation drove the inflation further, which could not be stopped with own means. The value of the paper crown compared to the gold crown fell to 14,400 by August 1922: 1. In 1922, Federal Chancellor Ignaz Seipel needed foreign help and an internationally monitored strict austerity program so that the state finances could be brought back into balance. When this succeeded, the Federal Government of Seipel I prepared the introduction of the shilling currency in 1924 . This currency reform was decided by the National Council on December 20, 1924, one month after Seipel's resignation , and implemented on March 1, 1925. (During the transition period of several months that followed, Austrian crowns were still accepted). The value of one shilling was equivalent to 10,000 "paper crowns".

the last kroner banknote, 1924

the last kroner banknote, already with Schilling imprint, 1924

Austrian coins 1892 to 1918

Overview, circulation coins of the Austrian half of the empire in Heller and Kronen from 1892 to 1918
image		value	throughput knife	Gross weight fineness	description			Issue years
Value side	Image side				edge	Value side	Image side
		1 lighter	17 mm	1.66 g 95% Cu , 4% Sn , 1% Zn	smooth	Value, year of issue	Eagle with coat of arms	1892-1903, 1909-1916
		1 lighter					Eagle with a shield	1916
		2 lighter	19 mm	3.33 g 95% Cu , 4% Sn , 1% Zn	smooth	Value, year of issue	Eagle with coat of arms	1892-1915
		2 lighter	17.3 mm	2.78 g 100% Fe			Eagle with a shield (the dark iron coin was nicknamed negro )	1916-1918
		10 lighter	19 mm	3 g 100% Ni	corrugated	Value, year of issue	Eagle with coat of arms	1892-1895, 1907-1911
		10 lighter		3 g 50% Cu, 40% Zn, 10% Ni				1915-1916
		10 lighter					Eagle with a shield	1916
		20 lighter	21 mm	4 g 100% Ni	corrugated	Value, year of issue	Eagle with coat of arms	1892-1895, 1907-1909, 1911, 1914
		20 lighter		3.33 g 100% Fe	smooth		Eagle with a shield	1915-1918
		1 crown	23 mm	5 g 835 ‰ Ag 165 ‰ Cu	" VIRIBVS VNITIS "	Austrian imperial crown , value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. with laurel wreath	1892-1907
		1 crown				"DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS", 1848–1908, Austrian Imperial Crown, value (60th anniversary in government)	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait without " ST • SCHWARTZ " ( Marshal )	1908
		1 crown				Austrian imperial crown , value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"	1912-1916
		2 crowns	27 mm	10 g 835 ‰ Ag, 165 ‰ Cu	"VIRIBVS VNITIS"	"II CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms , value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"	1912-1913
		5 crowns	36 mm	24 g 900 ‰ Ag, 100 ‰ Cu	"VIRIBVS VNITIS"	"QUINQVE CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. with laurel wreath	1900, 1907
		5 crowns				"DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS", 1848–1908, Fortuna with laurel branches, eagle with coat of arms, Austrian imperial crown, value (60th anniversary of government)	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait without "ST • SCHWARTZ" (Marshal)	1908
		5 crowns				"QUINQVE CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue 1909		1909
		5 crowns					"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"
		10 crowns	19 mm	3.387 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	Ornaments	"X CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. with laurel wreath	1892-1893, 1896-1897, 1905-1906
		10 crowns				"DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS", 1848–1908, eagle with coat of arms, value (60th anniversary of government)	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait without "ST • SCHWARTZ" (Marshal)	1908
		10 crowns				"X CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue		1909
		10 crowns					"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"	1909-1911
		10 crowns						1912 (new issue)
		20 crowns	21 mm	6.775 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	"VIRIBVS VNITIS"	"XX CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. with laurel wreath	1892-1905
		20 crowns				"DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS", 1848–1908, eagle with coat of arms, value (60th anniversary of government)	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait without "ST • SCHWARTZ" (Marshal)	1908
		20 crowns				"XX CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue		1909
		20 crowns					"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"	1909-1914, 1916
		20 crowns						1915 (new issue)
		20 crowns				"XX CORONÆ", eagle with shield , value, year of issue		1916
		20 crowns			"PACE BELLOQVE OMNIA PRO PATRIA CVM POPVLO MEO"		"CAROLVS D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Karl I.	1918
		100 crowns	37 mm	33.875 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	"VIRIBVS VNITIS"	"DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS", 1848–1908, Fortuna with laurel wreath and shield (eagle with coat of arms) on cloud, value (60th anniversary of government)	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait without "ST • SCHWARTZ" (Marshal)	1908
		100 crowns				"C CORONÆ", eagle with coat of arms, value, year of issue	"FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG •", Franz Joseph I. without laurel wreath, under portrait with "ST • SCHWARTZ"	1909-1914
		100 crowns						1915 (new issue)
These images are at a size of 2.5 pixels per millimeter.
Remarks: ↑ FRANC • IOS • I • D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG • = Franc iscvs Ios ephvs ID ei G ratia Imp erator Avstr iae, Rex Boh emiae, Gal iciae , Ill yriae et c etera et Ap ostolicvs Rex Hvng ariae = Franz Joseph I, by God's grace Emperor of Austria , King of Bohemia , Galicia , Illyria et cetera and Apostolic King of Hungary ↑ DVODECIM LVSTRIS GLORIOSE PERACTIS = twelve lustres (5-year periods) completed with distinction = 60 years completed with distinction ↑ PACE BELLOQVE OMNIA PRO PATRIA CVM POPVLO MEO = In struggle and peace with the nation for the kingdom (royal motto of Charles I) ↑ CAROLVS D • G • IMP • AVSTR • REX BOH • GAL • ILL • ETC • ET AP • REX HVNG • = Carolvs D ei G ratia Imp erator Avstr iae, Rex Boh emiae, Gal iciae, Ill yriae et c etera et Ap ostolicvs Rex Hvng ariae = Karl, by God's grace Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, Galicia, Illyria et cetera and Apostolic King of Hungary See also : Great title of the Emperor of Austria

Overview, circulation coins of the Hungarian half of the Empire in Heller and Kronen from 1892 to 1918
image		value	throughput knife	Gross weight fineness	description			Issue years
Value side	Image side				edge	Value side	Image side
		1 filler	17 mm	1.67 g 95% Cu , 4% Sn , 1% Zn	smooth	Value, mint mark " K • B "	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓPÉNZ", St. Stephen's Crown , year of coinage	1892-1903, 1906, 1914
		2 fillers	19 mm	3.33 g 95% Cu, 4% Sn, 1% Zn	smooth	Value, mint mark "K • B"	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓPÉNZ", St. Stephen's Crown, year of coinage	1892-1910, 1914-1915
		2 fillers	17.3 mm	2.78 g 100% Fe				1916-1918
		10 fillers	19 mm	3 g 100% Ni	corrugated	Value, mint mark "K • B" ( new issues with dot under K • B )	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓPÉNZ", St. Stephen's Crown, year of coinage	1892-1895, 1906, 1908-1909, 1914
		10 fillers		3 g 50% Cu, 40% Zn, 10% Ni				1914-1916
		10 fillers		3 g 100% Fe				1915-1916, 1918, 1920
		20 fillers	21 mm	4 g 100% Ni	corrugated	Value, mint mark "K • B" ( new issues with dot under K • B )	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓPÉNZ", St. Stephen's Crown, year of coinage	1892-1894, 1906-1908, 1914
		20 fillers		3.33 g 100% Fe	smooth			1915-1918, 1920-1922
		1 corona	23 mm	5 g 835 ‰ Ag , 165 ‰ Cu	“BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN”, ornaments	Stephanskrone, value, year of issue	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I., mint mark "K • B •"	1892-1896, 1906
		1 corona				"AZ EZERÉVES MAGYARORSZÁG EMLÉKÉRE", Franz Joseph I, value, mint mark "K • B •", year 1896	Árpád on horseback (for the thousandth anniversary)	1896
		1 corona				Stephanskrone, value, year of issue	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I. (older), mint mark "K • B"	1912-1916
		2 corona	27 mm	10 g 835 ‰ Ag, 165 ‰ Cu	“BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN”, ornaments	Stephen's crown with 2 angels, value, year of issue	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I., mint mark "K • B"	1912-1914
		5 corona	36 mm	24 g 900 ‰ Ag, 100 ‰ Cu	“BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN”, ornaments	Stephen's crown with 2 angels, value, year of issue	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I., mint mark "K • B •" ( new issue with year 1900: with a dot before FERENCZ )	1900, 1906-1909
		5 corona				"MEGKORONÁZTATÁSÁNAK NEGYVENEDIK ÉVFORDULÓJÁRA", 1867–1907, coronation scene, value, mint mark "K • B" (for the 40th anniversary of the coronation)	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I., year of issue 1907 (new issue if after the year 1907 lowercase "U • P" stands)	1907
		10 corona	19 mm	3.387 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	Ornaments	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG", 2 angels with coat of arms , value, mint mark "K • B"	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", standing Franz Joseph I, year of issue	1892-1915
		20 corona	21 mm	6.775 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	“BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN”, ornaments	"MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG", 2 angels with coat of arms, value, mint mark "K • B"	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", standing Franz Joseph I, year of issue	1892-1915
		20 corona				"MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG", 2 angels with Bosnia coat of arms , value, mint mark "K • B"		1913-1914, 1916
		20 corona			"HARCBAN ÉS BÉKÉBEN A NEMZETTEL A HAZÁÉRT"		"KÁROLY I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • SZ • D • AP • KIR •", standing Karl I , year of issue 1918	1918
		100 corona	37 mm	33.875 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	“BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN”, ornaments	"MEGKORONÁZTATÁSÁNAK NEGYVENEDIK ÉVFORDULÓJÁRA", 1867–1907, coronation scene, value, mint mark "K • B" (for the 40th anniversary of the coronation)	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", Franz Joseph I, year of issue 1907 (new issue recognizable by the rather reddish color and the non-matt raised Coin parts)	1907
		100 corona				"MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG", 2 angels with coat of arms , value, mint mark "K • B"	"FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR •", standing Franz Joseph I, year of issue (new issue with year 1908 recognizable by the rather reddish color and the not matted raised coin parts)	1907-1908
These images are at a size of 2.5 pixels per millimeter.
Remarks: ↑ K • B = mint mark of the mint K örmöcz b ánya (Kremnitz) in Slovakia ↑ MAGYAR KIRÁLYI VÁLTÓPÉNZ = Hungarian royal coin ↑ BIZALMAM AZ ŐSI ERÉNYBEN = I believe in essential power (Franz Joseph's royal motto) ↑ FERENCZ JÓZSEF I • K • A • CS • ÉS M • H • S • D • O • AP • KIR • = Ferencz József I sten k egyelméből a usztriai cs ászár és M agyar-, H orvát-, S lavon-, D almát o rszágok ap ostoli kir álya = Franz Joseph, by God's grace Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ↑ AZ EZERÉVES MAGYARORSZÁG EMLÉKÉRE = In memory of 1000 year old Hungary ↑ MEGKORONÁZTATÁSÁNAK NEGYVENEDIK ÉVFORDULÓJÁRA = On the 40th anniversary of his coronation ↑ MAGYAR KIRÁLYSÁG = Hungarian Kingdom ↑ HARCBAN ÉS BÉKÉBEN A NEMZETTEL A HAZÁÉRT = In struggle and peace with the nation for the homeland ↑ KÁROLY I • K • A • • The CS M • H • SZ • D • AP • • KIR = Károly I sten K egyelméből A usztria Cs ászára és M agyarország s H orvát-, Sz lavon- és D almátországok Ap ostoli Kir álya = Karl, by God's grace Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia See also : Great title of the Emperor of Austria

Austrian coins 1918 to 1924

In the short time in which people in the Republic of Austria , from 1918 onwards, paid with kronor, very few coins came out. It was not until 1923 that a 100 kroner copper coin appeared, but the zeros were already written in lower case because the shilling was introduced in 1925 and 100 kroner had the value of " 1 groschen " and the coins were accurate to the zeros looked the same. The situation was similar with the 200-kroner copper coins and the 1000-kroner copper- nickel coins. Only the 20 and 100 crown gold coins had an appearance that was unique before and after.

Overview, crowns of the Republic of Austria 1918 to 1924
image		value	throughput knife	Gross weight fineness	description			Issue years	Successor shilling coin
Value side	Image side				edge	Value side	Image side		Value side	Image side
		100 crowns	17 mm	1.666 g 95% Cu , 4% Sn , 1% Zn	smooth	Value, year of issue	"AUSTRIA", eagle head	1923-1924
		200 crowns	19 mm	3.333 g 95% Cu, 4% Sn, 1% Zn	smooth	Value, year of issue 1924	"AUSTRIA", Kruckenkreuz	1924
		1000 crowns	22 mm	4.5 g of 75% Cu, 25% Ni	smooth	Value, year of issue 1924	"REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA", head, under portrait small " H • ZITA "	1924
		20 crowns	21 mm	6.77 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	corrugated	"2952 CROWNS = 1 KILOGRAM COIN GOLD (900/1000 FINE)", value	"REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA", year of issue	1923-1924	no successor coin
		100 crowns	37 mm	33.88 g 900 ‰ Au , 100 ‰ Cu	corrugated	"2952 CROWNS = 1 KILOGRAM COIN GOLD (900/1000 FINE)", value	"REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA", year of issue	1923-1924	no successor coin
These images are at a size of 2.5 pixels per millimeter.

See also

• Latin Monetary Union
• Mint mark
• List of Austrian Krone banknotes

Web links

• Austrian National Bank: Money Museum and History - Austrian Monetary History - Modernity - Gulden and Kronen ( Memento from November 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
• Austrian National Bank: Money Museum History of Money
• Austrian monetary history. From the Middle Ages to the euro
• List and illustration of all kroner banknotes from 1900
• Inflation cockpit - currency converter (Adobe Flash) (inflation-adjusted conversion of Austrian currencies since 1820 into today's euro)
• The money marie - silver coins crowns Austria - prices
• The money marie - gold coins crowns Austria and Hungary - prices

Individual evidence

1. ^ Günther Meier: Nobody wanted Liechtenstein's emergency money In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung of January 3, 2018
2. ^ ^{A b} Carl Otto: Der Haussekretär , Berlin 1913, p. 485, 3rd cover page
3. ↑ RGBl. 66/1878, Art. 23
4. ↑ Ludwig von Mises : Theory of money and the means of circulation. Munich and Leipzig (Duncker & Humblot) 1912, p. 42 f.
5. ↑ ^{a b} aeiou: Paper money inflation
6. ↑ Clemens Muth: The end of the crown zone: The dissolution of the common currency area on the territory of the former Habsburg Empire. Munich 1997 , on the website of the University of Cologne.
7. ^ Maria Hornung, Sigmar Grüner: Dictionary of Viennese Dialect , 2nd edition, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-209-03474-5 , p. 606. Alexander Popovics: Das Geldwesen im Kriege. Vienna 1925, p. 97
8. ↑ 10 Kronen 1912 gold, new issue. Austrian Mint, accessed on March 20, 2018 . 
9. ↑ 20 crowns 1915 gold, new issue. Austrian Mint, accessed on March 20, 2018 . 
10. ↑ 100 crowns 1909 gold. UCoin, accessed March 6, 2020 . 
11. ↑ 100 Kronen 1915 gold, new issue. Austrian Mint, accessed on March 20, 2018 . 
12. ↑ 10 Filler 1918 new issue
13. ↑ 20 Filler 1918 new issue
14. ↑ 5 Korona 1900 new issue
15. ↑ 5 Korona 1907 new issue
16. ↑ ^{a b} Die Geldmarie - gold coins crowns Austria and Hungary, information about new issues of the 100 corona coins
17. ↑ 100 Korona 1908 gold, new issue
18. ↑ Overview of the coins in circulation from 1925 to 1938 ( Memento of February 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Austrian Mint
19. ↑ 20 crowns 1924 gold. World Coin Price Guide, accessed May 30, 2019 . 
20. ↑ 100 crowns 1924 gold. Coin value, accessed May 30, 2019 .