Land Marshal

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As Landmarschall (or parliament Marshal ) were referred to in some of the estates ' constitutions, parliamentary speaker , the beginning of the parliament was elected, or from the center appointed by the ruler. This office should not be confused with the high order marshal of the Teutonic Order of the same name .

history

The term has been documented for Livonia since 1383 and for Austria since 1358 . There were land marshals in Galicia (dt. Land marshal / pol. Marszałek krajowy), Mecklenburg (at the same time always 3 hereditary marshals for certain partial rulers), Lower Austria , Pomerania , the Grand Duchy of Posen (dt. Land marshal / pol. Marszałek krajowy), Saxony-Lauenburg , Silesia , Schleswig-Holstein and Tyrol . Order prussia and Prussia with ducal and royal shares also knew the title. In a related tradition , the title of the President of the Polish Sejm has always been Sejm Marshal , the Presidents of the Voivodeship Parliaments (sejmiki).

Prussia

With the introduction of the Prussian provincial parliaments in 1823, the office of a state marshal was introduced as chairman of the assembly of estates. The state marshal was appointed by the king. Between the sessions of the provincial council, he was the head of a permanent administrative committee for the provincial institutions. During the session the Marshal had considerable political weight. He managed the course of business, set up the committees and appointed their members. In addition, the marshals had the right to exclude politically undesirable deputies from the meetings. With the abolition of the provincial estates in 1875 , the dignity of the state marshal was abolished.

In some Prussian provinces as well as in other princes and duchies, nobles held the honorary title of hereditary land marshal. However, this was not associated with any official function, but was conferred as a hereditary court office since the 14th century .

Mecklenburg

In the north-east German territories that were later added to Mecklenburg , the princes created a Landmarschallamt for each of the three old lordships ( Mecklenburg , Wenden and Stargard ) within the Mecklenburg state in the 14th century . At the same time, the offices of land marshal were inherited to the noblest noble families of the time: Mecklenburg to von Lützow , Wenden to von Maltzan , Stargard to von Behr (later to (von) Hahn ), who held the three hereditary marshal offices until the end of the monarchy in Mecklenburg (1918) held. The Mecklenburg hereditary land marshals were in charge of the knighthood and landscape of the three lordships and were their highest-ranking representatives in the Mecklenburg corporate state. Deputy land marshals were appointed as representatives. Since the early modern period, a circle of appointed district administrators had been established in Mecklenburg to advise the sovereign.

Sweden

In Sweden the Landmarschall ( lantmarskalk ) was in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries the chairman of the knighthood of the Estates Assembly , which consisted of the four estates (nobility, priests, citizens and farmers) from 1668 to 1865 and was thus also president of the the latter; he was either named by the king or chosen by the knighthood. Among the most important were Per Brahe the Younger , Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna , Arvid Horn , Carl Gustaf Tessin and Fredrik Axel von Fersen .

Livonia and Oesel

Since 1710 the land marshal was the highest representative of the knighthood in Livonia and on Oesel . The office corresponded to the knighthood governor of the Estonian knighthood and the provincial representative of the Courland knighthood

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. Law on Order of Provincial Estates for the Grand Duchy of Poznan of March 27, 1824, Section 28, on: Constitutions of the World , accessed on February 2, 2017.
  2. ↑ Hereditary land marshals existed z. B. also in the Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg and in the sub-principalities of the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg .
  3. ^ Uwe Heck: History of the state parliament in Mecklenburg. A demolition. Neuer Hochschulschriftenverlag, Rostock 1997. ISBN 3-929544-48-2 . P. 14.
  4. ^ Entry in the Baltic Legal Dictionary of the Baltic Historical Commission