Leonardo II Tocco

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Leonardo II. Tocco (between May 28, 1374 and August 25, 1377 in Kefalonia (?); † 1418 in Zakynthos ) from the Neapolitan aristocratic family Tocco was a Neapolitan patrician , governor of Corinth (1394/1395), from 1399 Count Palatine of Zakynthos, a Paragium of the Palatinate County of Kefalonia and from October 1416 Lieutenant of Arta .

Life

origin

Leonardo II Tocco, who was born between May 28, 1374 and August 25, 1377, was the son of Leonardo I Tocco , Lord of Tocco (from 1353) and Count Palatine of Kefalonia and Zakynthos (1357-1379) and his Maddalena Buondelmonti , sister of Esau Buondelmonti , the despot of Epirus. His grandfather Guglielmo Tocco was made governor of Corfu around 1330 , his grandmother was Margherita Orsini Angelo Dukas (* around 1300; † 1339), daughter of Nikephoros I Komnenos Dukas Angelos , 4th despot of Epirus and Anna Paleologa Cantacuzena, the niece or granddaughter of Emperor Michael VIII .

Inherited territories, permanent and temporary acquisitions by Carlo I. Tocco

Leonardo was the youngest of five siblings (Petronilla († 1410), Giovanna (* before May 28, 1374), Susanna (* before May 28, 1374; † before 1414), Carlo I (* between May 28, 1374 and May 25, 1374) August 1377; † July 4, 1429)). When Leonardo I died in 1381, both brothers were still minors. Thus they were under the guardianship of their widowed mother Maddalena from the Florentine house Buondelmonti . Queen Joan I of Naples , ruler of the Angevin Empire in southern Italy since 1343, immediately recognized the inheritance. Since 1373, most of the barons of Achaia , the Franconian Morea, also recognized her as a fief. Carlos county was loans legally bound to Achaia. However, he did not come of age until 1390.

Count Palatine of Zakynthos

While Leonardo's older brother Carlo succeeded the throne of the Palatinate Counties of Kefalonia and Zakynthos and the Duchy of Leukadia after the death of his father (1381) , Carlo I renounced Zakynthos in 1399 in favor of his brother Leonardo, which belonged to the Palatine counties of Kefalonia as paragium or partagium and not when it was separated as apanage . Leonardo was thus subordinate to his older brother, but had an area equipped with all the rights of a sovereign. Leonardo received the title of Count Palatine from King Ladislaus of Sicily with the obligation to pay two gold spurs a year.

Leonardo also owned the castles of Torre Nermore and Spalato and the fiefdom of Valta, which were later occupied by Centurione II. Zaccaria († 1432). On March 15, 1404, he received from King Ladislaus the assurance that the occupied castles would be returned.

In the years 1394/1395 he was governor of Corinth on behalf of his brother Carlo. In 1406 Leonardo supported his brother Carlo in the conquest of Angelokastron (since 2011 a district of Agrinio ) and in the summer of 1407 in the conquest of Clarentza . In 1411 the brothers conquered Ioannina with only 100 men and in 1412 the army of the Tocco brothers was completely wiped out in the battle of Kranea (probably today's Kranë in Qark Vlora , Albania ). In the summer / autumn of 1413 the brothers defeated Centurione II Zaccaria with Venetian help in a sea battle near Glarentza.

Preserved part of the wall with the tower foundation.

In the spring of 1415, Leonardo went to Mystras as an ambassador to the Byzantine Emperor Manuele II. Palaiologos to defend the title of despot for his brother Carlo. During his stay he supported the emperor in his plan to build a defense system on the Isthmus of Corinth , the so-called Hexamilion , which was devastated during the Turkish attack in 1423. Leonardo also provided armed forces to subjugate the Byzantine feudal lords who were hostile to the work. Leonardo's troops helped the emperor to defeat the rebels in the Battle of Mantena (Μάντενα) on March 30, 1415. In April / May (or August) 1415 Leonardo was awarded the title and dignity of " Megas Kontostaulos and Catacuzeno " by the Byzantine Emperor Manuele II . In 1416 he occupied Roghì (Rodi?) And after the conquest of Arta his brother appointed him lieutenant of the city and the territory in October 1416. Shortly afterwards he was in Naples to pay homage to the sovereign. Shortly thereafter, Leonardo was in Naples to pay homage to Queen Joan II of the house of Anjou-Durazzo.

Leonardo died prematurely in 1418 on Zakynthos, leaving behind three minor children who were adopted by his brother Carlo, who himself had no legitimate children.

family

In July 1428 his daughter Magdalena Tocco married the last Byzantine emperor and despot of Morea , Konstantinos Palaiologos , and took the name Theodora on the occasion . She died childless in November 1429.

Leonardo's son Carlo II. Tocco later inherited the Palatinate Kefalonia and the Despotate of Epirus .

progeny

Leonardo II Tocco had three children with his wife (whose name is no longer known):

literature

  • Allan Brooks: Castles of Northwest Greece. From the early Byzantine Period to the eve of the First World War . Aetos Press, Huddersfield 2013, ISBN 978-0-9575846-0-0 .
  • Donald M. Nicol : The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages . University Press, Cambridge 1984, ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6 .
  • Donald M. Nicol: Tocco , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. VIII, 1999, Col. 821.
  • Steven Runciman: The Fall of Constantinople 1453 . University Press, Cambridge 1965, ISBN 1-107-60469-9 .
  • Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, pp. 45–118, here: pp. 15–20 (with brief biographical references and extensive sources and literature). ( academia.edu )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 15.
  2. ↑ Di Tocco in: Genmarenostrum.com
  3. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 157.
  4. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 138.
  5. ↑ Orsini-Angelo-Comneno. Genetic enostrum, accessed August 6, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Charalambos Gasparis: Il patto di Carlo I Tocco con il Comune di Genova (13891390): una conseguenza delle incursioni albanesi? in the S. (Ed.): The Medieval Albanians , Athens 1998, pp. 249-259, here: p. 249.
  7. ↑ The Paragium is often confused with the Apanage , as legal dissertations often regretted. Paragium was translated as "inheritance or inheritance portion" (accordingly the beneficiaries were "divided gentlemen"), while "Apanagium" was translated as "compensation" ( Jo. Schilteri De paragio et apanagio Succincta Expositio. Itemque de feudis iuris Francici dissertatio , Strasbourg 1701, P. 4 ( digitized version ).
  8. ↑ a b c d Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 20
  9. ↑ Savvas Kyriakidis: The Wars and the Army of the Duke of Cephalonia Carlo I Tocco (c. 1375-1429) . In: Journal of Medieval Military History 11 . The Boy doll Press, Woodbridge 2013, ISBN 978-1-84383-860-9 , pp. 168 .
  10. ^ Allan Brooks: Castles of Northwest Greece. From the early Byzantine Period to the eve of the First World War, Aetos Press, Huddersfield 2013, p. 288
  11. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. University Press, Cambridge 1984, p. 181
  12. ^ Steven Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople 1453 , University Press, Cambridge, 1965, p. 50
personal data
SURNAME Leonardo II Tocco
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Count Palatine of Zakynthos, Governor of Corinth, Lord of Clarenza and Angelokastron
DATE OF BIRTH between May 28, 1374 and August 25, 1377
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Kefalonia
DATE OF DEATH 1418
Place of death Zakynthos