Liberty Replacement Ship

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The term Liberty Replacement Ship to German Liberty replacement vessel , is a set of standard cargo ship types , which as a substitute for the then aging fleet of mid-1960s liberty ship and Victory ships were developed.

history

The first drafts for Liberty replacement ships were the types C3-S-DX1 ( Schuyler Otis Bland (AK-277) ) and C4-S-1a ( Mariner class ) , which were built from the early 1950s on behalf of the US naval authority MARAD ). The two technically demanding designs for fast liner general cargo ships were based on considerations made by the US Navy during the Second World War and, unlike the Liberty replacement types that later became known, had a military background.

The situation of tramp shipping was different in the mid-1960s. Around 700 of the 3300 Liberty and Victory standard freighters produced, as well as several other cargo ships built during the Second World War, were still in service in the world merchant fleet at that time. Even the youngest of them were now 20 years or older, and the deficiencies in their design and workmanship resulted in above-average losses during their operation in the post-war years. From the beginning of the 1960s, the proportion of these ship losses soared again, whereupon from the mid-1960s both the shipping companies and the shipyards asked themselves to replace these ships, which would reach the end of their service life in the foreseeable future.

The great upheavals in maritime shipping, caused by the appearance of container ships and bulk carriers , which would later almost completely replace the general cargo ships , were not foreseeable as such at this point in time, so that the classic general cargo ship , which was in its form at the time since the turn of the century, was relatively few changes was built, still appeared up to date.

In view of the seemingly lucrative need for replacement in the shipbuilding market, it was hardly surprising that shipyards around the world set about developing designs for replacing the Liberty and Victory ships towards the end of the 1960s, which in their plans were based on intermediate decks with their own loading gear and approx 15,000 tons of load-bearing capacity oriented. This conservative design was undoubtedly also due to the fact that most of the Liberty and Victory ships still in service at that time were operated by rather small trampoline shipping companies with limited resources. The focus of the shipyard was on these small shipping companies, for whom at that time it would have been difficult to finance new builds of a completely new or significantly larger type of ship .

The mostly very successful ship series were built, in some cases with substantial adaptations, until the late 1980s, and the subsequent types based on them were in some cases even beyond.

Overview

Liberty replacement ship types (selection)
Surname Shipyards construction time number
Mariner Sun Shipbuilding , Newport News Shipbuilding 1951 to 1955 29
Freedom Ishikawajima Harima , Astilleros de Cadiz 1967 to 1970s 176/26
SD-14 Austin & Pickersgill , Bartram & Sons , Skaramanga Shipyard , Companhia Comércio e Navegação, Robb Caledon Shipbuilders ,  Astilleros y Fábricas Navales del Estado 1967 to 1988 211
Pioneer Flender-Werke , Blohm & Voss , Hindustan Shipyard 1967 to 1986 19th
Mitsubishi type Commonwealth Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1967 to 1969 6th
German multi-purpose freighter Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft , Bremer Vulkan , Rickmers Werft 1968 to 1975 52
Mitsui Concord 18th Mitsui Zosensho , Osaka Zosenho , Nipponkai Heavy Industries 1968 to 1970s ?
Lower Weser Shipbuilding Society Unterweser 1968 to 1972 11
Rendsburg Schiffswerft & Maschinenfabrik Paul Lindenau , Nobiskrug 1969 to 1975 21st
Unity type Cockerill 1969 to 1979 8th
Trampko multi-purpose freighters Orenstein & Koppel , Schlichting shipyard 1969 to 1978 33
Seebeck 36 / 36L Seebeck shipyard , AG Weser 1969 to 1980 61
Mitsubishi MM14 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1969 to? ?
Mitsubishi Seatramp Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1969 to? ?
Santa Fe type Astilleros Espanoles 1970 to 1979 approx. 50
Fortune Ishikawajima Harima 1970s 62
Friendship Ishikawajima Harima 1970s ?

literature

  • First four designs are offered by world shipyards in 14,000-dwt range . In: Marine Engineering / Log . tape 72 , no. 3 . Simons-Boardman Publishing Corporation, New York March 1967, p. 57-60 .
  • H. Harms: First “Freedom” ship launched . In: Ship and Harbor . tape 19 , no. 5 , May 1967, p. 358-359 .
  • John Lingwood: SD14. The Great British Shipbuilding Success Story . World Ship Society, Kendal 1976, ISBN 0-9500044-8-0 .
  • John Lingwood: SD14. The full story . World Ship Society, Kendal, ISBN 978-1-901703-64-1 .
  • Every fifth “Liberty replacement freighter” came from German shipyards . In: International shipping . tape 29 , no. 7 July 1978, p. 284 .
  • Association of German Shipowners (Ed.): Freight traffic over sea . Stern Verlag, Lüneburg 1993, ISBN 3-923603-00-2 .
  • Association of the German Shipbuilding Industry V., "Market Research" Committee: Trends on the shipbuilding market . November 1976.
  • Association of the German Shipbuilding Industry V .: German shipbuilding 1975 . 1975.
  • Rolf Schönknecht, Uwe Laue: Ocean freighters of world shipping . tape 1 . transpress Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-344-00182-5 (library of ship types).
  • Rolf Schönknecht, Uwe Laue: Ocean freighters of world shipping . tape 2 . transpress Verlag, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-344-00282-1 (library of ship types).
  • First Freedom ship . ( Memento from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Hamburger Abendblatt , 1967
  • 34 Freedom ships already ordered . ( Memento from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Hamburger Abendblatt , 1966

Individual evidence

  1. ^ WJ Beer: Analysis of World Merchant Ship Losses . Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Lloyd's Register Publications, Volume 54, London, 1968, pp. 97, 99, 101.