List of rulers in the 23rd century BC Chr.
Overview
25th century BC Chr. | 24th century BC Chr. | List of rulers in the 23rd century BC Chr. | 22nd century BC Chr. | 21st century BC Chr.
More events
This is a synchronous representation of the reigns of pre-ancient rulers in the 23rd century BC , visualized in the form of equally scaled timelines.
The dates follow medium chronology and are neither certain nor final nor complete. Please note general information!
Remarks
Pharaohs of the 5th and 6th dynasties as well as the duration of the interim period differ from the imprecise dynasty information given by Nissen, whose time table focuses more on the ancient Orient. Nissen states: 5th Dynasty (2504–2347), 6th Dynasty (2347–2216), 1st Intermediate Period (2216–2120), Middle Kingdom (2120–1794). Amenemhet I (1946–1947) is the first Pharaoh named by Nissen.
The depiction of Maništušu, Rimuš and Naram-Sin follows a more recent dating from Selz (2005); in Nissen (1999) the reversed order and a shorter rulership of Naram-Sins was adopted. These three rulers at Nissen in total: 2284–2224.
There are many more kings of Lagaš and Elam known than listed here. For understandable reasons, however, Nissen (1999) only gives names that can be dated with a relatively high degree of certainty. However, Puzur-Inšušinak is quite controversial and was probably listed because of its prominence.
For the period 2300–2200 BC, there are further details on rulers that are not listed here for various reasons. This includes mythical ancestral kings but also rulers who cannot be precisely fixed in time. See for example the lists of the kings of the Guteans , Kiš , Sikyon , Korea , as well as the great emperors of China and the Xia dynasty .
Deputies and viceroys are only listed here if the territory they administer formed an independent state before or afterwards. This also applies to Ensis from Lagaš and Uruk, for example . Ešpum was also Ensi Akkads in Elam.
General
In the timeline, a gap of one year symbolizes that the transition between two rulers will be assumed around this time. If the transition period can be determined more precisely, this is indicated by a thinner line. Larger gaps between two names do not necessarily mean that there was no ruler; but indicate an uncertainty. If no colored bars are displayed, the relevant rulers cannot be dated more precisely according to the latest research. The representation does not claim to be complete.
Specifically, the dating according to Nissen (2012) is used here for the information on ancient oriental kings and the dating according to Beckerath (1994) for the information on Egyptian kings. For other parts of the world there is no reliable information at this time.
General note: Due to the problems with ancient oriental and Egyptian chronology, the information in this list has not been finalized. This is based on the Middle Chronology , which is commonly used as a convention among ancient orientalists. Specialist authors usually state which assumptions / chronologies their writings are based on: Depending on the opinion, the dating of great kings and pharaohs can be in the period before the 14th century BC. By several decades from the information used here.
Due to new archaeological findings, the state of research and current doctrine on dating can occasionally change abruptly. If more recent findings are incorporated, the simultaneity of rulers must be checked (this should be guaranteed according to archaeological evidence) and the chronology used and the source / place of discovery must be indicated.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gebhard J. Selz : Sumerer and Akkader. CHBeck Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-50874-X . Digitized
- ↑ a b Hans Jörg Nissen : History of the Ancient Near East . Oldenbourg Verlag, 2nd edition 2012, Munich. ISBN 3-486-59223-8 .
- ↑ Jürgen von Beckerath : Chronology of the Pharaonic Egypt. The timing of Egyptian history from prehistoric times to 332 BC BC (= Munich Egyptological Studies . Vol. 46). von Zabern, Mainz 1997.