Amenemhet I.

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Name of Amenemhet I.
Amenhet.jpg
Amenemhet I on a relief in his tomb in El Lisht
Horus name
G5
F25 ms t G43
Srxtail2.svg
(Hor) -wehem-mesut
(Ḥr. [W]) -wḥm-mswt
The ( Horus ) renews the births
Throne name
M23
X1 		L2
X1
Hiero Ca1.svg
N5 S29 R4
X1 Q3 		F34
Hiero Ca2.svg
Sehotep-ib-Re
S.htp-jb-Rˁ
Satisfied is the heart of the Re /
Satisfied is the heart, a Re
Proper name
Hiero Ca1.svg
i mn
n 		m F4
X1
Hiero Ca2.svg
Amenemhet
(Amen em het)
Jmn m ḥ3.t
Amun is at the head
Royal Papyrus Turin (No.V./20.)
HASH HASH p ib HASH G7 HASH

(badly damaged)
Greek Manetho variants: Africanus : Ammanemes
Eusebius : Ammenemes
Eusebius, AV : Ammenemes

Amenemhet I (also Amenemhat I ; † 1965 BC ) was the first ancient Egyptian king ( Pharaoh ) of the 12th Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom ). He ruled from around 1994 to 1975 BC. First alone and in the last ten years until 1965 BC Together with his son Sesostris I.

origin

His maiden name ( proper name ) means " Amun is at the top" and it is believed that a Nefertatenen was his wife. His mother Nofret came from Elephantine / Aswan and was possibly Nubian . In any case, Neferti's prophecy describes his mother as coming from the south. The origin and position of his father Sesostris is unknown.

Domination

Amenemhet I is perhaps identical with the vizier of the same name occupied under Mentuhotep IV . The circumstances surrounding his takeover are still unclear.

Amenemhet I moved his capital from Thebes to El-Lisht closer to the Nile Delta , exactly on the border between Upper and Lower Egypt . The timing of this move is controversial, but the construction of his pyramid should start around the 20th year of government, which may also be the year the new capital was founded.

The story of Sinuhe , a literary work known from many copies and considered to be one of the classic literary works of Egypt , dates to the time of Amenemhet I and his successor Sesostris I.

Domestic politics

Domestically, the king seems to have struggled with difficulties. There are hints of civil war-like conditions. As a result, the king appointed new local princes in various places who were loyal to him.

Under the rule of Amenemhet I, the god Amun became more and more important compared to the old Theban local god Month, and in the following years he was raised to the rank of imperial god.

Important officials of the king were the vizier Ipi, who dated the beginning of his reign, and the vizier Antefiqer , who belonged to the end of the reign. Meketre was probably still in office as treasurer, followed by an Ipi. Rehuerdjersen was probably in office at the end of the reign. The general Nesmont seems to have fought for Amenemhet I in the civil war-like conditions that seem to be occupied under the ruler.

Construction activity

The remains of a temple of Amenemhet I are in Ezbet Rushdi el-Saghira near Qantir . It was 42 m long and 31 m wide, pillars, door frames and statue shrines were made of stone, the rest of adobe bricks. Other buildings are attested in Koptos , Bubastis and Armant .

In his cult of the dead, Amenemhet I followed up on the traditions of the 6th dynasty and built a pyramid for himself near el-Lisht , the so-called Amenemhet I pyramid . He used this stone blocks, which he from the Pyramid of Cheops in Giza let procure. With a footprint of 84 × 84 m², the pyramid reached a height of 55 m. The vizier Antefiqer and the steward Nacht were allowed to be buried within the pyramid district . The intact grave of Senebtisi was found in the southwest corner of the pyramid . The burial dates to the end of the 12th dynasty .

Foreign policy

In foreign policy some campaigns by the ruler to Lower Nubia are attested, but they did not lead to the permanent conquest of the area. There is evidence of campaigns to Libya and the border to Asia was protected by the so-called Wall of the Ruler , which was probably a loose series of fortresses. A rock inscription near the port of Ain Suchna on the Gulf of Suez tells of an expedition to the Sinai Peninsula in the 7th year of Amenemhet's reign, in which 4,000 men took part.

Last years and death

According to older research, after a successful palace intrigue , Amenemhet made his son Sesostris I co-regent in the 20th year of his reign and explicitly warned him against “false friends”. According to another reading, which is increasingly represented in recent research, the king found death in the assassination attempt before he could make the absent Sesostris co-ruler. In the royal papyrus Turin his reign is given as [X] 9 years , which is why the Egyptologists opened the entry with a sole government period of 19 or 29 years.

While his son was on a campaign in Libya, Amenemhet I died in his 20th or, if he was murdered, 30th year of reign. The death of Amenemhet I forms the starting point of the story of Sinuhe , in which the exact date of death is also mentioned:

“In the year 30 on the 7th of Achet III the god ascended to his horizon. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sehetep-ib-Re, was removed to heaven, where he was united with the sun , while the divine body was united with him who had made it. "

- History of Sinuhe

literature

General

  • Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC). Bannerstone Press, Oakville 2008, ISBN 978-0977409440 , pp. 19-23.
  • Lawrence M. Berman: Amenemhet I. Diss. Yale University, New Haven Conn 1985.
  • Peter A. Clayton: The Pharaohs . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-8289-0661-3 , pp. 78-79.
  • Martin von Falck, Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the early days to the Middle Kingdom. Marix, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3737409766 , pp. 197-202.
  • Detlef Franke : Amenemhet I. In: Donald B. Redford (Ed.): The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-19-510234-7 , pp. 68-69.
  • Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs . Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 52-54.

Translations

  • Wolfgang Kosack : Berlin booklets on Egyptian literature 1 - 12. Part I. 1 - 6 / Part II. 7 - 12 (2 volumes). Parallel texts in hieroglyphics with introductions and translation. Book 9: The teaching of King Amenemhet I to his son. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2015, ISBN 978-3-906206-11-0 .

About the name

  • Journal for Egyptian Language and Archeology No. 92, Plate 3, Leipzig / Berlin 1863ff., ISSN  0044-216X .
  • Karl Richard Lepsius : Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia. Vol. 2, Hinrichs, Leipzig 1849-1859, pp. 118e, 124.
  • Edouard Naville : Bubastis. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., London 1891, plate 33.
  • Jules Couyat, Pierre Montet : Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. No. 199, Impr. De l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Caire 1912–1913.
  • Auguste Mariette : Karnak. Leipzig 1875, plate 8 d – e.
  • Catalog Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. 20516. (museum catalog)
  • Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2 , pp. 65, 197.

To the pyramid

Questions of detail

On the question of coregency with Sesostris I.

  • William J. Murnane: Ancient Egyptian Coregencies . Oriental Institute, Chicago 1977, online .
  • Marianne Eaton-Krauss: On the Koregenz Amenemhet I and Sesostris I (With an appendix, remarks on the inscriptions recorded by the Czech expedition in Lower Nubia.) In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin No. 112, Berlin 1980, ISSN  0342-118X , pp. 35-51.
  • Robert D. Delia: Amenemhet. In: Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, No. 4, New York 1982, ISSN  0270-210X , pp. 55-69.
  • Karl Jansen-Winkeln : Amenemhet. In: Studies on ancient Egyptian culture (SAK) No. 18, Hamburg 1991, ISSN  0340-2215 , pp. 241-264.

various

  • John L. Foster: The Conclusion to 'The Testament of Ammenemes, King of Egypt'. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology No. 67, London 1981, ISSN  0075-4234 , pp. 36-47.
  • Elke Blumenthal : The teaching of King Amenemhet, part 1. In: Journal for Egyptian language and antiquity (ZÄS) No. 111, 1984, ISSN  0044-216X , pp. 85-107.
  • Elke Blumenthal : The teaching of King Amenemhet, part 2. In: Journal for Egyptian language and antiquity (ZÄS) No. 112, 1985, ISSN  0044-216X , pp. 104–115.
  • Dietrich Wildung : Sesostris and Amenemhet - Egypt in the Middle Kingdom. Hirmer, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-7774-3720-4 .
  • Harco Olger Willems: The nomarchs of the Hare Nome and early Middle Kingdom history. In: Phoenix: Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap "Ex Oriente Lux" (JEOL) No. 28, 1985, pp. 80-102.
  • Alisa Schaefer: On the emergence of co-rulership as a legitimation principle of rule. In: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde No. 113, Berlin 1986, ISSN  0044-216X , pp. 44-55.
  • Detlef Franke : On the chronology of the Middle Kingdom (12th – 18th dynasty). In: Orientalia No. 57, 1988, pp. 113-138 (Part I); Pp. 245-274 (Part II).
  • Hans Goedicke : Studies in The Instructions of King Amenemhet I. for his Sons. Van Siclen Books, San Antonio (Tex.) 1988, ISBN 0-933175-15-9 .
  • Wolfgang Helck : Again on the alleged co-reign of Sesostris I with his father Amenemhet I. In: Orientalia No. 58, 1989, pp. 315-317.
  • Felix Arnold: The Control Notes and Team Marks. ( The South Cemeteries of Lisht. Vol. 2.) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1990, ISBN 0-87099-551-0 , pp. 30-32, 60-64.
  • Atef Awadalla: Un document prouvant la corégence d'Amenenhat et de Sesostris I. In: Göttinger Miszellen 115, Göttingen 1990, ISSN  0344-385X , pp. 7-14.
  • Claude Obsomer: La date de Nésou-Montou (Louvre C 1). In: Revue d'Egyptologie No. 44, Société Française d'Egyptologie, Peeters, Paris 1993, ISSN  0035-1849 , pp. 103-140.
  • Eileen N. Hirsch: The cult policy of Amenemhet I in the Theban Gau. In: Rolf Gundlach, Matthias Rochholz (ed.): Egyptian temples - structure, function and program. In: Hildesheimer Egyptological contributions, Vol. 37, Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1994, ISBN 3-8067-8131-1 , pp. 137-142.
  • Jürgen von Beckerath : Chronology of the pharaonic Egypt. von Zabern, Mainz 1994, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 , pp. 27, 30, 40, 74, 132-135, 139, 141, 189.
  • Thomas Schneider: The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12-17). In: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David A. Warburton (eds.): Ancient Egyptian Chronology (= Handbook of Oriental studies. Section One. The Near and Middle East. Volume 83). Brill, Leiden / Boston 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5 , pp. 168-196 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Amenemhet I.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin . Griffith Institute, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3 , illustration 2.
  2. ↑ Manetho (Africanus) named Amenemhet I as the last and 16th king of the 11th dynasty , who ruled for 16 years as the father of Sesostris I , the founder of the 12th dynasty.
  3. ↑ a b In the Egyptian administrative calendar , March 5th jul. 1965 BC Chr .; in the Egyptian lunar calendar the 18th Achet II (third day after full moon ); see also Rita Gautschy: Monddatierungen Memphis . The year 1965 BC However, it cannot be equated with the 30th year of the reign, as there are other chronological approaches in Egyptology.
  4. ↑ Pierre Tallet: Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbors on the Suez Gulf. In: British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES). Volume 18, 2012, p. 149 ( online ).
  5. ^ Hans Goedicke: The Death of Amenemhet I. and other Royal Demises . In: Nicole Kloth: It will be put down as a document: Festschrift for Hartwig Altenmüller on his 65th birthday . Buske, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-87548-341-3 , p. 137.
predecessor Office successor
Mentuhotep IV. King of Egypt
12th Dynasty (beginning) 		Sesostris I.
personal data
SURNAME Amenemhet I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Amenemhat I.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ancient Egyptian king; 1st Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty
DATE OF BIRTH 21st century BC BC or 20th century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 1965 BC Chr.