Mentuhotep IV.

Name of Mentuhotep IV.
Horus name	Neb-taui Nb-t3.w (j) Lord of the two countries
Sideline	Neb-taui Nb-t3.w (j) Lord of the two countries
Gold name	Netjeru-nebu Nṯr.w-nbw Gold of the Gods
Throne name	Neb-taui-Re Nb-t3.w (j) -Rˁ Lord of the two countries, a Re
Proper name	Mentuhotep (Mentu hotep) Mnṯ.w ḥtp Month is satisfied

Mentuhotep IV ruled from about 2001 to around 1994 BC. As an ancient Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) of the 11th dynasty ( Middle Kingdom ). In the Royal Papyrus Turin , the entry 7 years is omitted instead of his name .

Hints

First year of government

Mentuhotep IV. Is known from rock inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hudi , which come from an expedition led by an Antef . In Ain Sukhna , a town on the western shore of the Red Sea , just south of Suez , also was found an inscription. This place was the port for expeditions to the Sinai .

Second year of government

Inscriptions by Mentuhotep IV are known from Wadi Hammamat , where his vizier Amenemhet had them carved into the rock. There the vizier led an expedition to get a sarcophagus for the king. In these inscriptions the planned Sed festival and the so-called "gazelle miracle" are mentioned. No. 1, 40, 105, 110 (The gazelle miracle: a gazelle lies down in front of the assembled expedition team on a stone intended for the king's sarcophagus and gives birth to a cub. This inscription also includes the full title Neb-taui -Res.), 113, 191 (Here his mother is called Imj. She is only referred to as the Queen Mother, not the King's Consort, from which it is concluded that Neb-taui-Re was of non-royal descent.) 192, 241. No. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 (Nessumontus' participation is attested here, who will later help Amenemhet I to consolidate his rule.), 60. The inscriptions in Wadi el-Hudi also lead to into the second year.

Indefinite

Further mentions can be found on a bowl made of el-Lisht , which is dedicated to the mistress of Dendera and also bears the name of Amenemhet I. It is speculated whether Amenemhet I took this bowl with him when he moved from Thebes to Iti-taui . However, it is alleged that it was too fragile. The reference to Dendera also says nothing in this regard, since Amenemhet I also consecrated pieces that can clearly be assigned to the Fayyum to Hathor . However, recent considerations make it likely that the ruler is not named on the bowl, but that the king's name there is to be added to the Horus name of Mentuhotep II.

During these excavations, tiles or tiles also came to light. They were discovered when the foundation pits were being dug at the corners of the pyramid of Amenemhet I. The Egyptian workers came to Herbert Eustis Winlock with a tile fragment . However, he could not decipher the inscription and passed it on to William Christopher Hayes , who identified the name as the Mentuhoteps. The tile is apparently covered with faience and the hieroglyphs seem to be inlaid. The assignment to Mentuhotep IV remains speculation. All of these items were discovered by the team at the Metropolitan Museum of Art .

In addition, a few scarabs and seals are mentioned. One comes from Harageh at the entrance to the Fayyum and is a double carab with an S-loop in a cartridge on one side and the name Neb-taui-Re on the other. Further pieces are performed by Hall and Petrie. Stock tried to prove that these pieces were contemporary and related to the ruler, as they appear to belong to the time of their creation in terms of style and location. Berman and Simpson not only join them, but also add two more pieces for the "Objects from the King Fouad I Gift" to the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Journal d'entrée Nos. 83670, 85232 (ASAE, XLI (1942), 222) is cited as the source. They are probably all to be understood as motto scarabs with the inscription Re is the Lord of the two countries and date to the New Kingdom. None of them are likely to be contemporary.

Eduard Meyer mentions a fragment from Deir el Bahri, for which he cites Edouard Naville as the source.

King lists

Neb-taui-Re is not mentioned in the king lists of Saqqara and Abydos ; Se-anch-ka-Re immediately follows Amenemhet I. In the list of kings of Karnak from the time of Thutmose III. follows number 6: Neb-hetep-Re and number 7: Snefer-ka-Re under number 8 a [...] ta [...]. This is generally supplemented to Neb-taui-Re, although Se-anch-ib-taui could also be meant, because the Karnak table is generally very imprecise. In number 7, a spelling mistake for Se-anch-ka-Re would also be possible.

Only two years of government are documented. Usually, however, five or seven "empty years" are added to this ruler, which are mentioned in the Turin royal papyrus. Here, too, an error on the part of the clerk cannot be ruled out.

In Karnak, however, a fragment of another list of kings from the time of Amenhotep I emerged, on which a “Father of God” Sesostris is inserted between Se-anch-ka-Re and Amenemhet I. This has given rise to much speculation in connection with the “empty” years on the Turin papyrus.

Possible rival kings in Lower Nubia

The unification of the empire was not yet consolidated. Above all in Lower Nubia there was still resistance from some - probably local - kings who also wrote their names in cartouches :

• An (jotef) Sa Re Ini, (Qai-ka-Re, Hor Senefer-taui)
• Ijibchentre (Hor Gerg-taui)
• Segerseni (Menech-ka-Re (throne name))

Research history

The first references to Neb-taui-Re came from James Burton . The expedition of Carl Richard Lepsius in the middle of the 19th century was able to find further inscriptions. The first inscriptions were discovered in the Wadi Hammamat and subsequently published.

The classification of Neb-taui-Res in the series of Mentuhoteps caused confusion. Since he is not mentioned on the king lists, he was thought to be a predecessor of Neb-hetep-Re and Se-anch-ka-Re. But since he was already able to recruit people from Menat-Chufu for his expedition , he must have ruled after the unification of the empire by Neb-hetep-Re. Only the identification of his vizier Ameny with Amenemhet I was decisive here. The initial ambiguity is exemplified in the various publications by James H. Breasted . In his History of Egypt. (1905) he still attributed the inscription with the gazelle miracle to Se-anch-ka-Re, but he was able to clarify the situation in his English translations and in an essay.

An inscription in Konosso was also attributed to him for a long time . Simpson was able to assign this inscription to Neb-hetep-Re.

By proving that the inscription of Konosso was not to be attributed to Neb-taui-Re, the assessment of this king changed considerably. At first he was thought to be important because he could organize so many and large expeditions, then he was thought to be a weak king who had been overthrown by his much more powerful vizier.

Murnane even suspected a coregenthood with Amenemhet I based on the bowl from el-Lisht. As Berman noted, however, this contradicts Beckerath's assumption that Amenemhet I had a different name at the beginning of his reign, since the usual shape appears.

Winlock suspected that the move from Thebes to Iti-taui could have already taken place under Neb-taui-Re.

literature

General

• Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC). Bannerstone Press, Oakville 2008, ISBN 978-0977409440 , pp. 229-230.
• Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 158-159.

About the name

• Jürgen von Beckerath : Handbook of the Egyptian king names. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2 , pp. 64, 194.
• Jules Couyat , Pierre Montet : Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât. Imprimerie de l'IFAO, Le Caire 1912.
• Georges Goyon : Nouvelles Inscriptions Rupestres du Wadi Hammamat. Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris 1957.

Questions of detail

• Dorothea Arnold : Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes. In: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1991 Metropolitan Museum Journal. No. 26, 1991, pp. 5-48.
• Lawrence Michael Berman : Amenemhet I. A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December 1985.
• Jürgen von Beckerath: To the establishment of the 12th dynasty by Ammenemes I. In: Journal for Egyptian language and antiquity. No. 92, 1965, pp. 4-10.
• Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronology of the pharaonic Egypt. von Zabern, Mainz 1994, ISBN 3-8053-2310-7 , pp. 73, 139, 141-142, 189.
• James Henry Breasted : The eleventh Dynasty. In: Eduard Meyer : Aegyptische Chronologie (= philosophical and historical treatises of the Royal Academy of Sciences. 1904, 1, ZDB -ID 955708-8 ). Publishing house of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1904, pp. 156–161.
• James Henry Breasted, Hermann Ranke: History of Egypt. Phaidon, Zurich 1936.
• James Henry Breasted: Ancient Records. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1906.
• Gae Callender : The Middle Kingdom Renaissance. In: Ian Shaw: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. 2000, pp. 148-183.
• Reginald Engelbach : Harageh (= Brit. School of Archaeol. In Egypt and Egyptian research account. Year 20. 1914, [Volume 28]). British School of Archeology in Egypt [etc.], London 1923.
• Ahmed Fakhry : The Inscriptions of the Amethyst Quarries at Wadi el Hudi. Government Press, Cairo 1952.
• Paule Posener-Kriéger : Travaux de l'IFAO au cours de l'année 1988-1989. In: Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. (BIFAO) No. 89, 1989, pp. 291-341; S. 313: La mission épigraphique dirigée par Annie Gasse (pensionnaire) au Wâdî Ḥammâmât ... , ( PDF file ).
• Nicolas-Christophe Grimal : A History of Ancient Egypt. (translated by Ian Shaw), Blackwell, Oxford (UK) / Cambridge (USA) 1992.
• Rolf Gundlach : Mentuhotep IV. And Min - Analysis of the inscriptions M 110, M 191 and M 192a from the Wâdi Hammâmât. In: Studies on ancient Egyptian culture. (SAK) No. 8, Hamburg 1980, pp. 89-114.
• Ingelore Hafemann : On the problem of the state duty to work in ancient Egypt. II: Evaluation of the expedition inscriptions of the Middle Kingdom. In: Ancient Near Eastern Research. (AoF) No. 12, Berlin 1985, pp. 179-215.
• Henry Reginald Holland Hall : Catalog of Egyptian Scarabs I, Royal Scarabs. the British Museum, London 1913.
• William C. Hayes : The Scepter of Egypt. A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. I. From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York 1953, revised edition 1990, pp. 166-168.
• Eduard Meyer : Supplements to the Egyptian chronology (= philosophical and historical treatises of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Year 1907, No. 3). Reimer, Berlin 1907.
• Eduard Meyer: New supplements to the Egyptian chronology. In: Journal for Egyptian Language and Antiquity. Volume 44, 1907.
• William J. Murnane : Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. In: Studies in Ancient Oriental Civiliation . No. 40, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago 1977, pp. 23-24.
• Flinders Petrie : Scarabs ad Cylinders with Names. School of Archeology in Egypt, London 1917.
• Mahmoud Abd el-Raziq, Georges Castel, Pierre Tallet, Victor Ghica: Les Inscriptions d'Ayn Soukhna. Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Le Caire 2002, ISBN 2-7247-0322-7 .
• Kurt Sethe : On the royal line of the 11th dynasty. In: Journal for Egyptian Language and Antiquity. Volume 42, 1906, pp. 131-134.
• Karl-Joachim Seyfried : Contributions to the expeditions of the Middle Kingdom in the eastern desert. In: Hildesheimer Egyptological contributions. No. 15, 1981.
• William Kelly Simpson : Historical and Lexical Notes on the New Series of Hammamat Inscriptions. In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 18, 1959, pp. 20-37.
• Georg Steindorff : The kings Mentuhotep and Antef. On the history of the 11th dynasty. In: Journal for Egyptian Language and Antiquity. No. 33, 1895, pp. 77-96.
• Hanns Stock : The First Intermediate Period in Egypt. Fall of the pyramid era, intermediate empires of Abydos and Herakleopolis, rise of Thebes. In: Studia Aegyptiaca. Volume 2, 1949.
• Hanns Stock: Studies on the history and archeology of the 13th to 17th Egyptian dynasties with special consideration of the scarabs of this period (= Egyptological research. Volume 12.). Augustin, Glückstadt / Hamburg / New York 1955.
• Richard AJ Tidyman : Further Evidence of a Coup d'État at the End of Dynasty 11? In: The Bulletin of the Australian Center for Egyptology. No. 6, 1995, pp. 103-111.
• Harco J. Willems : The nomarchs of the Hare nome and early Middle Kingdom history. In: Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap Ex Oriente Lux. (= Phoenix: Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap "Ex Oriente Lux". (JEOL) Volume 28 '). London 1985, pp. 80-102.
• Herbert E. Winlock : The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. Macmillan New York 1947.
• Claude Vandersleyen : Les inscriptions 114 et 1 du Ouadi Hammamât (11th dynasty). (= Chronique d'Egypte. (CdE) Volume 64, Nos. 127-128). Brussels 1989, pp. 148–158.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Year numbers according to Wolfgang Helck et al .: Lexicon of Egyptology. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-447-04468-3 .
2. ↑ A. Fakhry: The Inscriptions of the Amethyst Quarries at Wadi el Hudi. No. 1 to 4, maybe 5.
3. ^ M. Abd el-Raziq et al .: Les Inscriptions d'Ayn Soukhna. No. 4a and 4b.
4. ↑ J. Couyat, P. Montet: Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques you Ouâdi Hammamat.
5. ^ G. Goyon: Nouvelles Inscriptions Rupestres du Wadi Hammamat. and WK Simpson: Historical and Lexical Notes on the New Series of Hammamat Inscriptions. Commentary on the inscription publications.
6. ↑ A. Fakhry: The Inscriptions of the Amethyst Quarries at Wadi el Hudi. No. 4.
7. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. P. 54; Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt. P. 167 (here also first illustration); Arnold: Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes. In: The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1991 Metropolitan Museum Journal. No. 26, 1991, p. 12 (new illustration and reconstruction of the whole shell).
8. ↑ Peter Janosi: Montuhotep-Nebtawyre and Amenemhat I: Observations on the Early Twelfth Dynasty in Egypt , in: Metropolitan Museum Journal , 45 (2010), 7-20 (online: [1] )
9. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. P. 54 and Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt. P. 176; LM Berman: Amenemhet I. p. 14 (Berman does not seem to have seen the tile).
10. ↑ R. Engelbach: Harageh. Plate 20, 6.
11. ^ HRH Hall: Catalog of Egyptian Scarabs I, Royal Scarabs. No. 150, 152, 154, 156.
12. ^ F. Petrie: Scarabs ad Cylinders with Names. Plate XI, May 11, 1-2.
13. ↑ H. Stock: Studies on the history and archeology of the 13th to 17th Dynasty of Egypt with special consideration of the scarabs of this period. P. 13.
14. ↑ LM Berman: Amenemhet I. S. 14.
15. ^ ^{A b} W. K. Simpson: Historical and Lexical Notes on the New Series of Hammamat Inscriptions. P. 25.
16. ^ WK Simpson: Historical and Lexical Notes on the New Series of Hammamat Inscriptions. P. 25, footnote 12.
17. ↑ cf. the discussion in K. Ryholt : The Political Situation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Copenhagen 1997, pp. 62-64.
18. ^ E. Meyer: Supplements to the Egyptian chronology. 1907, p. 26 and In: E. Meyer: Geschichte des Altertums.
19. ^ H. É Naville: The Temple of Deir el Bahari. (= Egypt Exploration Fund. [EEF] Vol. 12-14, 16, 19, 27, 29). London, 1894-1898, p. 8.
20. ↑ J. Burton: Excerpta Hieroglyphica. Malta 1825-1828. Reprint: LTR, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-88706-093-8 , Vol. III and VII.
21. ^ Karl R. Lepsius: Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia. 12 vol., Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1849 - 1859.
22. ^ Georges Posener : Littérature et politique dans l'Égypte de la XIIe dynastie. 1956
23. ^ JH Breasted: Egyptian History.
24. ^ JH Breasted: Ancient Records.
25. ^ JH Breasted: The eleventh Dynasty.
26. ^ Alfred Wiedemann : Egyptian history. Vol. 1, Gotha 1884 and G. Steindorff: The Kings Mentuhotep and Antef. On the history of the 11th dynasty. P. 79.
27. ↑ A. Wiedemann: Egyptian history. Vol. 1.
28. ^ WK Simpson: Historical and Lexical Notes on the New Series of Hammamat Inscriptions. P. 25 and Tidyman (1995), pp. 103f.
29. ^ WJ Murnane: Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. P. 227f.
30. ↑ LM Berman: Amenemhet I.
31. ↑ J. von Beckerath: On the establishment of the 12th dynasty by Ammenemes I.
32. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. P. 91

predecessor	Office	successor
Mentuhotep III.	King of Egypt 11th Dynasty (end)	Amenemhet I.