Amenhotep I.

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Name of Amenhotep I.
AmenhotepI-StatueHead MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png
Head of a statue of Amenhotep I; Museum of Fine Arts , Boston
Horus name
G5
E1 G43 D36
I9 		N17
N17
N17
Srxtail2.svg
Ka-uaf-taui
K3-wˁf-t3wj The bull that crushes
the lands
Sideline
G16
O29
N35
D21 		H4 G43
Aa-neru
ˁ3-nrw
Great in horror
Gold name
G8
V29 M4 M4 M4
Wah-renput
W3ḥ-rnpwt Consistent
for years
Throne name
M23
X1 		L2
X1
Hiero Ca1.svg
N5 D45 D28
Hiero Ca2.svg
Djeser-ka-Re
Ḏsr-k3-Rˁ
With holy Ka , a Re
Proper name
Hiero Ca1.svg
M17 Y5
N35 		Htp
X1 Q3
Hiero Ca2.svg
Amenhotep / Imenhotep
(Imen hotep)
Jmn ḥtp
Amun is satisfied
Greek Manetho variants:
Josephus : Amenôphis
Africanus : Amenôphthis
Eusebius : Ammenôphis
Eusebius, A version: Amophis

Amenophis I , also Amenhotep I , was an ancient Egyptian king ( pharaoh ) of the 18th Dynasty ( New Kingdom ) and ruled from 1525 to around 1504 BC. Chr. ( Jürgen von Beckerath ). He was the son and direct successor of Ahmose I.

Other names

  • Amenhotep (correct ancient Egyptian spelling) and
  • Amenophis (Greek spelling for Amenemope , for Amenophis it is Amenothes [see Imhotep and Imuthes]).

Origin and family

Amenophis I was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefertari and, as the last male descendant from the house of the Ahmosids , still belongs to the 17th dynasty . In addition to the three brothers Ahmose (-anch), Sa-Amun and Ahmose Sapair , he had six sisters, of which Ahmose Meritamun II became his " Great Royal Wife ". The marriage of the two remained childless and after the early death of Ahmose Meritamun, Ahmose Nefertari again took over the role of the king's wife. A wife Ahhotep II, who was also assigned to him, is to be deleted according to the latest findings.

Domination

According to some evidence, Amenhotep I was in brief co-reign with his father for a maximum of six years. After Ahmose's death, Ahmose-Nefertari took over government for a short time. He reached adulthood in the 7th year of government at the latest. In the year 8 he married his sister Meritamun, which, according to the hereditary princess theory , gave him additional legitimation as heir to the throne.

Campaigns

In his 7th and 8th year of reign, Amenhotep carried out military campaigns in Nubia , which were intended to serve only as a pure show of power to keep the local population under control. Biographies of several soldiers suggest that heavier fights must have occurred more frequently. It is of captures , slaves reported dead warrior and severed hands that are presented to the king as evidence of the number of defeated enemies.

Amenhotep was probably not directly involved in the events, but only participated in the ritual killing of a nomad chief . A stele from Aniba , dated from the 8th year of the reign, attests to the tribute payment of gold and other exotic objects to the king. Amenophis had the Egyptian fortresses from the Middle Kingdom secured on the southern border, which his father had moved to the island of Sai . A statue found on Sai and inscribed blocks with the names of the king and his mother bear witness to a building project, possibly a small temple.

The only known reference to a campaign in Libya during his reign is provided by the biography of the officer Ahmose Pennechbet , who captured three severed hands during a Libyan campaign. There is some evidence that Amenhotep may have advanced as far as the Euphrates in western Asia , although the evidence is rather thin.

Building policy

Apart from the few military actions, the reign of Amenhotep I was quite peaceful, which enabled the implementation of a large number of larger construction projects. He tried to revive the art, the culture as well as the ideal values ​​from the founding time of the Middle Kingdom and orientated himself in particular to Mentuhotep II. As well as Sesostris I and III.

Reconstructed alabaster kiosk in Karnak

In Karnak he had several temples and chapels built based on the core structure of the Middle Kingdom. An alabaster kiosk Amun with permanent monuments and a replica of the " White Chapel " of Sesostris I. Many of these buildings were later demolished and by Amenophis III. used as filling material for the third pylon in the Karnak temple . The construction of the kiosk remained unfinished at the time of Amenhotep I, only his successor Thutmose I completed it. The kiosk gives the researchers an indication that a co-reign could have existed between Amenhotep and Thutmose.

On the west bank of Theban in Deir el-Bahari , Amenophis I had the temple of Mentuhotep II from the 11th dynasty repaired. A barque sanctuary was built diagonally across the street for the beautiful festival of the desert valley . In addition, a mud-brick temple, which can no longer be located , was built near Qurna , which was dedicated to the king and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari. The entrance to this temple was lined with a series of statues depicting the king disguised as Osiris . This custom of building a million-year house on the Karnak / Luxor / Deir el-Bahari / Medinet Habu processional route was retained by many kings in the New Kingdom. Another mortuary temple was built on the plain near the royal cemetery in Dra Abu el-Naga .

In Abydos , Amenhotep I had construction work on the temple for Ahmose continued and a limestone chapel built for him. Some reconstructions have been carried out at the Osiris Temple . A chapel in honor of the Nechbet was built in Elkab . Further south in Uronarti on the 2nd Nile Cataract, the king gave the order for a small temple in the fortress of Sesostris III.

In the north of the country the building activity of Amenophis can only be proven in Serabit el-Chadim on the Sinai , where he built the portico in the " Hathor Cave" in the temple of Hathor , or at least had it restored. Archaeologists discovered there the stone slab of a door lintel and a fragment that may represent a ledge .

administration

Several high officials are documented from the time of Amenhotep I. Kares was in charge of Queen Ahhotep's property and owned a mock grave in Abydos near the sanctuary of Osiris. The treasurer Jamu led an expedition to Sinai and supervised the work on the Hathor sanctuary in Serabit el-Hadim. Panjati, chief builder of the Temple of Amun in Karnak, and Ineni , who opened the Valley of the Kings as a burial place for the rulers of the New Kingdom, are known as architects .

Minmonth and Parenefer come into question as high priests of Amun , although neither can be precisely timed. Equally uncertain is the office of the vizier , which was held by Tetinefer, Imhotep or Ahmose-Amas. Seniu served in Deir el-Bahari as the administrator of the property of Prince Amenemhet, who died early. Seni was the governor of Thebes. As Viceroy of Cush , Amenhotep installed Turi, as is clear from a representation in the temple in Uronarti. A certain Wah was the royal steward, his mummy was found in grave TT22 in Korna.

Death and succession

Amenhotep I died on the 19th or 20th day of the 3rd  Peret month - probably in his 20th year of reign. The enthronement of Thutmose I was made a little later on the 21st day. There is some evidence that Thutmose was installed as co-regent in the last years of his predecessor's reign. On a shrine for the imperial god Amun from Karnak, Thutmose appears next to the reigning Amenhotep in full royal regalia during the cult of the gods . A co-regency can only be read here if the decoration of the divine shrine was already completed under Amenhotep.

Since Amenophis remained without a male successor, his death heralded an actual change of dynasty within the 18th dynasty (contrary to the dynasty division customary in Egyptology, which goes back to Manetho ). Little is known about the origin of his successor Thutmose. He legitimized his rule by marrying the princess Ahmes , who is viewed either as the daughter of Ahmose I or Amenophis I. Her origins are controversial in research, although she had the title of royal sister and royal mother , but not that of a king's daughter .

Cultural Achievements

Description of the invention of a water clock in the tomb of Amenemhet

Egypt was characterized by new cultural and economic prosperity. During this time the inscription of an Amenemhet was written on the construction of a water clock . The earlier traditional simultaneous dating of the drafting of the Ebers papyrus referred to the appointment of Karl Richard Lepsius . The last proponent of this thesis was Kenneth Anderson Kitchen . Both Egyptologists based their assumption on the noted Sirius rise.

Intermediate paleographic investigations have shown that the medical records are of older origin and were probably written down during the reign of Pharaoh Ahmose and represent possible copies of older documents.

At the time of Amenophis there was probably also an important theologian and poet who wrote the Amduat , a religious book of the underworld . It is considered to be the first fully illustrated book in human history and is about the night's journey of the sun god through the underworld. It is divided into twelve sections, which describe the experiences at each full hour of the night. The earliest known version is found as a mural in KV20 , the tomb of Amenhotep's successor Thutmose I.

After death

Burial and grave

The burial of Amenhotep funeral took place a few months after his death on the 27th day of the 1st month of Schemu -Jahreszeit. His successor Thutmose I had all necessary cult acts and funeral ceremonies carried out.

Nothing is known about the exact location of the grave. An inspection of the royal tombs at the time of the looting of tombs in the 20th dynasty noted that the tomb of Amenhotep had been inspected and found undamaged:

“The eternal horizon of King Djoser-ka [-re] life! Wealth! Health! to the son of Re Amenhotep [I.] life! Wealth! Health! which 120 cubits starting from the ahay of his so-called pa a-ka in the north of the temple of the garden of Amenhotep! Wealth! Health! measures [...] He was examined today and found intact by the said inspectors "

- Abbott papyrus , 16th year of Ramses IX.

The ahay mentioned is a prominent geographical point. The term means "something outstanding" and is translated as "stele". The ahay and the temple garden could not yet be clearly identified.

So far, three possible candidates for the grave of Amenhotep I are being considered: the graves K93.11 and AN B in Dra Abu el-Naga , as well as KV39 in the Valley of the Kings.

KV39 is located far south on the edge of the Königsgräbertal. It was initially started as a normal corridor grave, then abandoned after the first chamber and later considerably expanded. At the bottom of the south chamber there is an excavation on the floor to accommodate the coffin, which is architecturally reminiscent of graves before the time of the New Kingdom. The find of king cartouches of the kings Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Amenophis II , who all later ruled in the 18th dynasty, is unfavorable for the grave . In addition, there is no reference to a “Temple of the Amenhoteps Garden”, as mentioned in the Abbott Papyrus.

The grave AN B examined by Howard Carter is located in Dra Abu el-Naga, where many rulers and royal family members of the 17th and early 18th dynasties were buried. It is probably a queen's grave that was subsequently expanded to accommodate a royal burial. A well shaft in the middle of the double grave is characteristic of royal tombs throughout the New Kingdom. In addition, archaeologists found fragments of stone vessels that often bear the names of Ahmose Nefertari and her son Amenophis. Both were considered the patron gods of the Theban necropolis, which the Egyptians worshiped together further south in their own mortuary temple (" Meniset "). A small stone king's head from the Thutmosid period also found in the grave remains a mystery.

Cult of the dead

Amenophis I with his mother Ahmes-Nefertari

Together with his mother, Amenophis I is possibly the founder of the workers' village near Deir el-Medina , where a temple was built in their honor. In the Ramesside period , both were worshiped as local protective deities of the Theban necropolis, and Seti I had another temple built for them. The cult of Amenophis I and Ahmose-Nefertari continued for 800 years and survived into the 25th dynasty .

mummy

Coffin and mummy.

Amenhotep's mummy was discovered along with other royal mummies in the cachette of Deir el-Bahari (DB320) in 1881 .

The high priest of Amun Pinudjem I had the mummy repaired by Pharaoh Smendes in the sixth year and transferred to a replacement coffin. Ten years later it was repaired again and the mummy possibly ended up in the grave of the Inhapi ( WNA ) in Deir el-Bahari. There it was still in the year 10 from Siamun and was then finally transferred to DB320 under Scheschonq I.

Since the royal mummy was in very good condition and was intricately bandaged, a decision was made against unwrapping it at the end of the 19th century. According to the last X-ray examinations made in 1966 , the king was more than 1.80 meters tall, which is above average for an ancient Egyptian. Estimates of the age of death range from early twenties to late forties. The mummy is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and bears the inventory number JE 26211 or CG61058 .

Dating

Government length

The length of Amenhotep's reign is not entirely certain. The different versions of Manetho give it 20 years and 7 months to 24 years. The highest known year of government is the year 20. It is attested by a visitor graffito in the old Djoser district in Saqqara . The astronomer and water meter inventor Amenemhet noted in his biography, however, that he had lived under Amenhotep for 21 years.

Some Egyptologists suspect that Amenhotep I counted his years of reign from the beginning of the co-reign he had with his father. It is also conceivable that he ruled for 27 years, but not counting the six years of his co-reign. Amenophis I celebrated a Sedfest during his tenure, for which he had a kiosk specially built. It is also mentioned in the biography of the Theban courtier Amenemhet and on a labeled pad from the king's mortuary temple. The celebration took place before the usual 30th year of government.

Ebers calendar and the heliacal rise of Sirius

On the back of the Ebers papyrus there is a calendar from the 9th year of the ruler's reign, which contains the current dates of the three Egyptian seasons and the exact date of the heliacal rise of Sirius . It forms an important main pillar for the absolute chronology of the New Kingdom.

The period of the heliacal rising of Sirius in the 9th year of Amenophis I mentioned in the Ebers calendar corresponds, among other things, to the setting of Jürgen von Beckerath, who, adding the eight years covered, took office in 1525 BC. Chr. Put.

9th year of government

Heliacal rise of Sirius in the 9th year of the reign of Amenhotep I.
Observation site Egyptian date Gregorian calendar Possible years
Memphis 9. Schemu III
(1. Schemu III) 		July 2nd to 3rd
(June 24th to 25th) 		1537 to 1534 BC Chr.
Elephantine 9. Schemu III
(1. Schemu III) 		June 26-27
(June 18-19) 		1517 to 1514 BC Chr.

The Sirius data may refer to the beginning of the New Kingdom to the observation site Elephantine, which could later have been moved to Memphis. The previous approach by Erik Hornung , who suggested Memphis as an observation site, was based on the assumption that the first year of Ramses II's reign was 1290 BC. . AD began.

The evaluations of other papyri finds prompted the Egyptologists to postpone the first year of Ramses II's reign to 1279 BC. To relocate. This fact can no longer be reconciled with Memphis as a place of observation in Hornung's chronology. The suggestions for determining the old recording location therefore concentrated on Elephantine or Aswan .

The entry on a water clock from the time of Amenhotep III speaks for Memphis as Sirius' observation site. The shortest night of the year is documented there in the second Schemu month. The corresponding information refers to the time of the water meter inventor Amenemhet, which was first mentioned during the reign of Amenhotep I. In his reign, however, the shortest night of the year at Elephantine as an observation site would have fallen in the third Schemu month.

literature

General overview

  • Erik Hornung : Amenhotep I . In: Wolfgang Helck (Ed.): Lexicon of Egyptology . tape I . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975, ISBN 3-447-01670-1 , p. 201-203 .
  • Susanne Martinssen-von Falck: The great pharaohs. From the New Kingdom to the Late Period. Marix, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-7374-1057-1 , pp. 43-48.
  • Franz-Jürgen Schmitz: Amenophis I .: Attempt to represent the reign of an Egyptian ruler of the early 18th dynasty. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1978, ISBN 3-8067-8032-3 .
  • Thomas Schneider : Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 , pp. 58-60.
  • Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty (3300-1069 BC) . Bannerstone Press, London 2008, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9 , pp. 36-39 .

Dating and chronology

family

  • Gay Robins: Amenhotpe I and the child Amenemhat. In: Göttinger Miscellen . (GM) Volume 30, Göttingen 1978, pp. 71-76.

Grave and mummy

  • Daniel Polz : The Location of the Tomb of Amenhotep I: A Reconsideration . In: Richard H. Wilkinson (ed.): Valley of the Sun Kings; New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs; Papers from the University of Arizona International Conference on the Valley of the Kings, [1994] . Kmt Communications, Inc., University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition 1995, ISBN 0-9649958-0-8 , pp. 8-21 .
  • Nicholas Reeves , Richard H. Wilkinson : The Valley of the Kings. Mysterious realm of the dead of the pharaohs . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 2000, ISBN 3-8289-0739-3 , p. 88-90 .
  • John Rose: Tomb KV 39 in the Valley of the Kings: A Double Archaeological Enigma . Western Academic & Specialist Press, Bristol 2000, ISBN 0-9535418-2-7 .
  • George B. Johnson: Where was Amenhotep I buried? Three Candidates for His Tomb . In: KMT, a modern journal of ancient Egypt . tape 14/4 . Kmt Communications, Inc., 2003, ISSN  1053-0827 , p. 54-70 .

Art and religion

  • Hartwig Altenmüller : Amenophis I as mediator. In: Communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo Department. (MDAIK) 37, von Zabern, Mainz 1981, pp. 1-7 ( online ).

Cult of the dead

  • Ashraf I. Sadek: Glimpses of Popular Religion in New Kingdom Egypt. I. Mourning for Amenophis I at Deir el-Medina. In: Göttinger Miszellen 36, Göttingen 1979, pp. 51–56.
  • Zibigniew E. Szafranski: Buried Statues of Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre and Amenophis I at Deir el-Bahari. In: Communications of the German Archaeological Institute, Department Kairo 41, von Zabern, Mainz 1985, pp. 257–263.
  • Alexandra von Lieven : Small contributions to the deification of Amenophis I./1: Amenophis I. on shield-shaped mummy amulets . In: Revue d'égyptologie (RdE) . tape 51 . Peeters, Paris 2000, p. 103-121 .
  • Alexandra von Lieven: Small contributions to the deification of Amenhotep I./2: The Amenhotep cult after the end of the New Kingdom . In: Journal for Egyptian Language and Archeology (ZÄS) . tape 128 . Akademie-Verlag, 2001, ISSN  0044-216X , p. 41-64 .
  • Gabriele Hollender: Amenophis I and Ahmes Nefertari: Investigations into the development of their posthumous cult based on the private graves of the Theban necropolis (=  special publication of the German Archaeological Institute. Cairo Department (SDAIK) . Volume 23 ). de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-020461-2 .

Web links

Commons : Amenophis I.  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Thomas Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Düsseldorf 2002, p. 58.
  2. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Düsseldorf 2002, pp. 58-59.
  3. ↑ Michel Gitton: Ahmose Nefertiti. In: Wolfgang Helck (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Ägyptologie (LÄ). Volume I, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1975, ISBN 3-447-01670-1 , Sp. 103.
  4. ↑ a b c Baker: Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume 1, London 2008, p. 37.
  5. ↑ a b Baker: Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume 1, London 2008, pp. 37-38.
  6. ↑ Gabriele Höber-Kamel (ed.): The long way to the great empire. From the Second Intermediate Period to the Early New Kingdom. In: Kemet. Issue 2, Kemet-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISSN  0943-5972 , p. 11.
  7. ↑ a b c d Thomas Schneider: Lexicon of the Pharaohs. Düsseldorf 2002, p. 59.
  8. ↑ a b c d e Baker: Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume 1, London 2008, p. 38.
  9. ^ Hermann A. Schlögl : The ancient Egypt . Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-54988-5 , pp. 191-192.
  10. ^ Hermann A. Schlögl: The ancient Egypt . Munich 2006, pp. 191–194.
  11. ↑ a b c Thomas Kühn: Thutmose I. - founder of a great power. In: Gabriele Höber-Kamel (Ed.): Kemet. Issue 2, Kemet-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISSN  0943-5972 , p. 26.
  12. ↑ Cf. Georg Möller : Hieratic Paläographie .: The Egyptian book script in its development from the fifth dynasty to the Roman imperial period 3 volumes, Leipzig 1909, 2nd edition 1926, vol.?, P. 20.
  13. ^ Hermann A. Schlögl : The ancient Egypt . Munich 2006, pp. 192–193.
  14. ↑ a b Reeves, Wilkinson: The Valley of the Kings. Augsburg 2000, p. 88.
  15. ↑ Reeves, Wilkinson: The Valley of the Kings. Augsburg 2000, p. 89.
  16. ↑ Reeves, Wilkinson: The Valley of the Kings. Augsburg 2000, p. 90.
  17. ↑ a b Amenhotep I (c. 1551-1524 BC). In: The Theban Royal Mummy Project. Retrieved April 28, 2012 .
  18. ^ Baker: Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs. Volume 1, London 2008, pp. 38-39.
  19. ↑ Cf. also Gernot Wilhelm The Egyptian Chronology of the New Kingdom. In: Bernd Jankowski, Gernot Wilhelm: Texts from the environment of the Old Testament (TUAT), Vol. 1 - New Series -, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2004, p. 358.
  20. ^ Jean Meeus: Astronomical Algorithms - Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4.5. Barth, Leipzig 2000 for: Ephemeris Tool 4.5 according to Jean Meeus, conversion program, 2001.
  21. ↑ July 2-3 of the Gregorian calendar corresponds to July 16-17 of the Julian calendar.
  22. ↑ June 28-29 in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to July 10-11 in the Julian calendar.
  23. ^ Rolf Krauss: The end of the Amarna time: Contributions to the history and chronology of the New Kingdom. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1981, ISBN 3-8067-8036-6 , pp. 189-193; Danielle Bonneau: La Crue du Nil: Divinité égyptienne à travers mille ans d'histoire (332 av. - 641 ap. J.-C.); d'après les auteurs grecs et latins, et les documents des époques ptolémaique, romaine et byzantine. Klincksieck, Paris 1964, p. 384.
  24. ↑ Erik Hornung: Studies on the chronology and history of the New Kingdom - Egyptological treatises. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1964, pp. 60-61.
  25. ^ Rolf Krauss: Sothis and moon dates. Hildesheim 1985, pp. 65-66.
predecessor Office successor
Ahmose Pharaoh of Egypt
18th Dynasty 		Thutmose I.
personal data
SURNAME Amenhotep I.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ancient Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty (1525 – around 1504 BC)
DATE OF BIRTH before 1525 BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH after 1504 BC Chr.