Schemu
| Schemu in hieroglyphics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schemu Šmw The (time) of warmth |
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shame Š3m warmth |
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Schemu called the Egyptian calendar the season of heat , which in Elephantine usually beginning in February and in the Nile Delta , due to the inundation began in mid-February. The term “Schemu” is derived from the roots “schem” (“ heat ”) and “schemet” (“ the hot one ”).
The Ebers papyrus refers to the year divided into three parts in ancient Egypt, which is why “Schemu” is written there as “shame” and translated as “ time of warmth, time of warming ”; in the Coptic calendar, however, with “ heat ”, since the Coptic calendar only includes two seasons.
history
The goddess Sopdet , embodied by the star Sothis , was originally closely related to the beginning of the Achet season . After the Peret period , which began after the fourth month of Achet, the Schemu period followed immediately after the fourth month of Peret.
From the predynastic period to the end of the Middle Kingdom , Schemu represented the months of Renutet , Chonsu , Chenti-chet and Ipet-hemet and encompassed the period from the beginning of February to the beginning of June ; with the beginning of the New Kingdom around April 28th to August 25th.
development
Alan Gardiner as well as Richard-Anthony Parker suspect that the months in the course of calendar history changed the form of the year and shifted back by about 30 days. The reason for this was the link between Sopdet and the heliacal rise of Sirius, which lasted until the end of the second millennium BC. Chr. Slowly migrated from the beginning of June to the beginning of July and was ultimately responsible for the shifting of the months. For this reason, for example, the month Wepet-renpet moved to twelfth place, while Renutet moved to the position of Rekech-nedjes .
Original monthly breakdown and lunar calendar
- Renutet: beginning of February to beginning of March, earliest start
- Lunar calendar: 26th Peret IV at the earliest ; no later than 26. Schemu I
- Chonsu: early March to early April
- Lunar calendar: 25th Schemu I at the earliest; no later than 26. Schemu II
- Chenti-chet: early April to early May
- Lunar calendar: 25th Schemu II at the earliest; no later than 25. Schemu III
- Ipet-chemet: early May to late May
- Lunar calendar: 24th Schemu III at the earliest; no later than 25th Schemu IV
Dating
Based on the lunar calendar dates in the year of the Battle of Megiddo , the following dates for the first day of the month (from sunrise ) of the Schemu months result:
| Seasonal position of the Schemu months (J = Julian calendar / G = Gregorian calendar ) | ||||
| year | 1. Schemu I | 1. Schemu II | 1. Scheme III | 1. Schemu IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2997 BC Chr. | May 9th (J) April 15th (G) |
June 8th (J) May 15th (G) |
July 8th (J) June 14th (G) |
August 7th (J) July 14th (G) |
| 2877 BC Chr. | April 9th (J) March 17th (G) |
May 9th (J) April 16th (G) |
June 8th (J) May 16th (G) |
July 8th (J) June 15th (G) |
| 2773 BC Chr. | March 14th (J) February 20th (G) |
April 13th (J) March 21st (G) |
May 13th (J) April 20th (G) |
June 12th (J) May 20th (G) |
| 2617 BC Chr. | February 4th (J) January 13th (G) |
March 5th (J) February 12th (G) |
April 4th (J) March 13th (G) |
May 4th (J) April 12th (G) |
| 2357 BC Chr. | November 30th (J) November 10th (G) |
December 30th (J) December 10th (G) |
Jan 29, 2356 (J) Jan 9, 2356 (G) |
February 28, 2356 (J) February 8, 2356 (G) |
| 2121 BC Chr. | October 2nd (J) September 14th (G) |
November 1st (J) October 14th (G) |
December 1st (J) November 13th (G) |
December 31st (J) December 13th (G) |
| 1981 BC Chr. | August 28th (J) August 11th (G) |
September 27th (J) September 10th (G) |
October 27th (J) October 10th (G) |
November 26th (J) November 9th (G) |
| 1873 BC Chr. |
August 1st (J) July 16th (G) |
August 31st (J) August 15th (G) |
September 30th (J) September 14th (G) |
October 30th (J) October 14th (G) |
| 1781 BC Chr. | July 9th (J) June 24th (G) |
August 8 (J) July 24 (G) |
September 7th (J) August 23rd (G) |
October 7th (J) September 22nd (G) |
| 1661 BC Chr. | June 9th (J) May 26th (G) |
July 9th (J) June 25th (G) |
August 8th (J) July 25th (G) |
September 7th (J) August 24th (G) |
| 1573 BC Chr. | May 18th (J) May 4th (G) |
June 17th (J) June 3rd (G) |
July 17th (J) July 3rd (G) |
August 16 (J) August 2 (G) |
| 1517 BC Chr. |
May 4th (J) April 20th (G) |
June 3rd (J) May 20th (G) |
July 3rd (J) June 19th (G) |
August 2nd (J) July 19th (G) |
| 1457 BC Chr. |
April 19th (J) April 6th (G) |
May 19th (J) May 6th (G) |
June 18th (J) June 5th (G) |
July 18th (J) July 5th (G) |
| 1337 BC Chr. | March 20th (J) March 8th (G) |
April 19th (J) April 7th (G) |
May 19th (J) May 7th (G) |
June 18 (J) June 6 (G) |
| 1277 BC Chr. | March 5th (J) February 23rd (G) |
April 4th (J) March 24th (G) |
May 4th (J) April 23rd (G) |
June 3 (J) May 23 (G) |
| 1157 BC Chr. | February 4th (J) January 24th (G) |
March 5th (J) February 23rd (G) |
April 4th (J) March 24th (G) |
May 4th (J) April 23rd (G) |
| 1061 BC Chr. | January 11th (J) January 1st (G) |
February 10th (J) January 31st (G) |
March 11th (J) March 1st (G) |
April 10th (J) March 31st (G) |
| 897 BC Chr. | November 30th (J) November 22nd (G) |
December 30th (J) December 22nd (G) |
Jan 29, 896 (J) Jan 21, 896 (G) |
February 28, 896 (J) February 20, 896 (G) |
| 661 BC Chr. | October 2nd (J) September 25th (G) |
November 1st (J) October 25th (G) |
December 1st (J) November 24th (G) |
December 31st (J) December 24th (G) |
| 521 BC Chr. | August 28th (J) August 22nd (G) |
September 27th (J) September 21st (G) |
October 27th (J) October 21st (G) |
November 26th (J) November 20th (G) |
| 361 BC Chr. | July 19th (J) July 14th (G) |
August 18th (J) August 13th (G) |
September 17th (J) September 12th (G) |
October 17th (J) October 12th (G) |
| 241 BC Chr. |
June 19th (J) June 15th (G) |
July 19th (J) July 15th (G) |
August 18th (J) August 14th (G) |
September 17th (J) September 13th (G) |
| 177 BC Chr. | June 3rd (J) May 31st (G) |
July 3rd (J) June 30th (G) |
August 2nd (J) July 30th (G) |
September 1st (J) August 29th (G) |
| 29 BC Chr. | April 27th (J) April 25th (G) |
May 27th (J) May 25th (G) |
June 26th (J) June 24th (G) |
July 26th (J) July 24th (G) |
| 64 AD | April 4th (J) April 2nd (G) |
May 4th (J) May 2nd (G) |
June 3rd (J) June 1st (G) |
July 3rd (J) July 1st (G) |
| 140 |
March 16 (J) March 15 (G) |
April 15th (J) April 14th (G) |
May 15th (J) May 14th (G) |
June 14th (J) June 13th (G) |
| 1584 |
March 20th (J) March 30th (G) |
April 19th (J) April 29th (G) |
May 19 (J) May 29 (G) |
June 18th (J) June 28th (G) |
| 1700 | February 20th (J) March 2nd (G) |
March 21st (J) April 1st (G) |
April 20th (J) May 1st (G) |
May 20th (J) May 31st (G) |
| 1800 | January 26th (J) February 6th (G) |
February 25th (J) March 8th (G) |
March 26th (J) April 7th (G) |
April 25th (J) May 7th (G) |
| 1900 | January 1st (J) January 13th (G) |
January 31st (J) February 12th (G) |
March 1st (J) March 14th (G) |
March 31st (J) April 13th (G) |
| 1924 | December 26, 1923 (J) January 8 (G) |
January 25th (J) February 7th (G) |
February 24th (J) March 8th (G) |
March 25th (J) April 7th (G) |
| 2008 | December 5, 2007 (J) December 18, 2007 (G) |
January 4th (J) January 17th (G) |
February 3rd (J) February 16th (G) |
March 4th (J) March 17th (G) |
| 2012 | December 4th 2011 (J) December 17th 2011 (G) |
January 3 (J) January 16 (G) |
February 2nd (J) February 15th (G) |
March 3rd (J) March 16th (G) |
See also
literature
- Rolf Krauss : Sothis and moon dates: studies on the astronomical and technical chronology of ancient Egypt. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1985, ISBN 3-8067-8086-X .
- Richard-Anthony Parker : The calendars of ancient Egypt. Chicago Press, Chicago 1950.
- Siegfried Schott : Ancient Egyptian Festival Dates , Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences and Literature, Mainz / Wiesbaden 1950.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Translation according to Ebers Papyrus.
- ↑ With regard to the calendar dating with regard to the heliacal rising in the twelfth hour of the night , an ancient Egyptian calendar day must be deducted. Example: The heliacal rise in the twelfth hour of the night on the 30th Schemu I follows an hour later with sunrise on the 1st Schemu II. The Julian and Gregorian calendar dates therefore apply to both ancient Egyptian calendar days.
- ^ Jean Meeus: Astronomical Algorithms - Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4,5 - , Barth, Leipzig 2000 for: Ephemeris Tool 4,5 according to Jean Meeus, conversion program, 2001 .