Achet
| Achet in hieroglyphics | |||
|---|---|---|---|
3ḫt flood |
|||
Achet was the time of the flood in the Egyptian calendar , which in Elephantine usually began at the beginning of June before the Nile flood reached the Nile Delta around June 20-22. Achet was followed by the periods Peret and Shemu .
history
The goddess Sopdet , embodied by the star Sothis , was originally closely related to the beginning of the Achet season . From the predynastic period to the end of the Middle Kingdom , Achet represented the months of Wepet-renpet , Techi , Menchet and Hut-heru and comprised the period from early June to early October ; with the beginning of the New Kingdom around August 31 to December 28.
development
Alan Gardiner as well as Richard-Anthony Parker suspect that the months in the course of calendar history changed the form of the year and shifted back by about 30 days. The reason for this was the link between Sopdet and the heliacal rise of Sirius, which lasted until the end of the second millennium BC. Chr. Slowly migrated to the beginning of July and was ultimately responsible for the shifting of the months. For this reason, for example, the month Ka-her-ka moved to the fourth position, while Wepet-renpet moved to the position of Mesori .
Original monthly breakdown
- Wepet-renpet: early June to early July
- Techi: early July to early August
- Menchet: early August to early September
- Hut-heru: early September to early October
Dating
Based on the lunar calendar dates in the year of the Battle of Megiddo , the following dates for the first day of the month (from sunrise ) of the Achet months result:
| Seasonal position of the Achet months (J = Julian calendar / G = Gregorian calendar ) | ||||
| year | 1. Achet I | 1. Achet II | 1. Achet III | 1. Achet IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2997 BC Chr. | September 11th (J) August 18th (G) |
October 11th (J) September 17th (G) |
November 10th (J) October 17th (G) |
December 10th (J) November 16th (G) |
| 2877 BC Chr. | August 12th (J) July 20th (G) |
September 11th (J) August 19th (G) |
October 11th (J) September 18th (G) |
November 10th (J) October 18th (G) |
| 2777 BC Chr. |
July 18th (J) June 25th (G) |
August 17th (J) July 25th (G) |
September 16 (J) August 24 (G) |
October 16 (J) September 23 (G) |
| 2748 BC Chr. |
July 11th (J) June 18th (G) |
August 10th (J) July 18th (G) |
September 9th (J) August 17th (G) |
October 9th (J) September 16th (G) |
| 2356 BC Chr. | April 4th (J) March 15th (G) |
May 4th (J) April 14th (G) |
June 3 (J) May 14 (G) |
July 3rd (J) June 13th (G) |
| 2120 BC Chr. | February 4th (J) January 17th (G) |
March 6th (J) February 16th (G) |
April 5th (J) March 18th (G) |
May 5th (J) April 17th (G) |
| 1965 BC Chr. | December 28th (J) December 11th (G) |
January 27, 1964 (J) January 10, 1964 (G) |
February 26, 1964 (J) February 9, 1964 (G) |
March 28, 1964 (J) March 11, 1964 (G) |
| 1873 BC Chr. |
December 5th (J) November 19th (G) |
January 4, 1872 (J) December 19 (G) |
February 3, 1872 (J) January 18, 1872 (G) |
March 5, 1872 (J) February 17, 1872 (G) |
| 1781 BC Chr. | November 11th (J) October 27th (G) |
December 11th (J) November 26th (G) |
January 10, 1780 (J) December 26 (G) |
February 9, 1780 (J) January 25, 1780 (G) |
| 1661 BC Chr. | October 12th (J) September 28th (G) |
November 11th (J) October 28th (G) |
December 11th (J) November 27th (G) |
January 10, 1660 (J) December 27 (G) |
| 1573 BC Chr. | September 20th (J) September 6th (G) |
October 20th (J) October 6th (G) |
November 19th (J) November 5th (G) |
December 19th (J) December 5th (G) |
| 1517 BC Chr. |
September 6th (J) August 23rd (G) |
October 6th (J) September 22nd (G) |
November 5th (J) October 22nd (G) |
December 5th (J) November 21st (G) |
| 1457 BC Chr. |
August 22nd (J) August 9th (G) |
September 21st (J) September 8th (G) |
October 21 (J) October 8 (G) |
November 20th (J) November 7th (G) |
| 1319 BC Chr. |
July 18th (J) July 6th (G) |
August 17th (J) August 5th (G) |
September 16th (J) September 4th (G) |
October 16th (J) October 4th (G) |
| 1292 BC Chr. |
July 12th (J) July 1st (G) |
August 11th (J) July 31st (G) |
September 10th (J) August 30th (G) |
October 10 (J) September 29 (G) |
| 1157 BC Chr. | June 8th (J) May 28th (G) |
July 8th (J) June 27th (G) |
August 7th (J) July 27th (G) |
September 6th (J) August 26th (G) |
| 1061 BC Chr. | May 15th (J) May 5th (G) |
June 14th (J) June 4th (G) |
July 14th (J) July 4th (G) |
August 13th (J) August 3rd (G) |
| 896 BC Chr. | April 4th (J) March 27th (G) |
May 4th (J) April 26th (G) |
June 3rd (J) May 26th (G) |
July 3rd (J) June 25th (G) |
| 660 BC Chr. | February 4th (J) January 28th (G) |
March 6th (J) February 27th (G) |
April 5th (J) March 29th (G) |
May 5th (J) April 28th (G) |
| 520 BC Chr. | December 31, 521 (J) December 25, 521 (G) |
January 30th (J) January 24th (G) |
March 1st (J) February 23rd (G) |
March 31st (J) March 25th (G) |
| 361 BC Chr. | November 21st (J) November 16th (G) |
December 21st (J) December 16th (G) |
Jan 20, 360 (J) Jan 15, 360 (G) |
February 19, 360 (J) February 14, 360 (G) |
| 241 BC Chr. |
October 22nd (J) October 18th (G) |
November 21st (J) November 17th (G) |
December 21st (J) December 17th (G) |
Jan 20, 240 (J) Jan 16, 240 (G) |
| 177 BC Chr. | October 6th (J) October 3rd (G) |
November 5th (J) November 2nd (G) |
December 5th (J) December 2nd (G) |
Jan 4th 176 (J) Jan 1st 176 (G) |
| 81 BC Chr. | September 12th (J) September 10th (G) |
October 12th (J) October 10th (G) |
November 11th (J) November 9th (G) |
December 11th (J) December 9th (G) |
| 64 AD | August 7th (J) August 5th (G) |
September 6th (J) September 4th (G) |
October 6th (J) October 4th (G) |
November 5th (J) November 3rd (G) |
| 140 |
July 19th (J) July 18th (G) |
August 18th (J) August 17th (G) |
September 17th (J) September 16th (G) |
October 17th (J) October 16th (G) |
| 1584 |
July 23rd (J) August 2nd (G) |
August 22nd (J) September 1st (G) |
September 21st (J) October 1st (G) |
October 21 (J) October 31 (G) |
| 1700 | June 24th (J) July 5th (G) |
July 24th (J) August 4th (G) |
August 23rd (J) September 3rd (G) |
September 22nd (J) October 3rd (G) |
| 1800 | May 30th (J) June 11th (G) |
June 29th (J) July 11th (G) |
July 29th (J) August 10th (G) |
August 28th (J) September 9th (G) |
| 1900 | May 5th (J) May 18th (G) |
June 4th (J) June 17th (G) |
July 4th (J) July 17th (G) |
August 3rd (J) August 16th (G) |
| 1924 | April 29th (J) May 12th (G) |
May 29th (J) June 11th (G) |
June 28th (J) July 11th (G) |
July 28th (J) August 10th (G) |
| 2008 | April 8 (J) April 21 (G) |
May 8th (J) May 21st (G) |
June 7th (J) June 20th (G) |
July 7th (J) July 20th (G) |
| 2012 | April 7th (J) April 20th (G) |
May 7th (J) May 20th (G) |
June 6th (J) June 19th (G) |
July 6th (J) July 19th (G) |
See also
literature
- Rolf Krauss: Sothis and moon dates. Studies on the astronomical and technical chronology of ancient Egypt (= Hildesheimer Egyptological contributions. Volume 20). Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1985, ISBN 3-8067-8086-X .
- Richard A. Parker : The calendars of ancient Egypt (= Studies in ancient Oriental civilization. Volume 26, ISSN 0081-7554 ). University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL 1950.
- Siegfried Schott : Altägyptische Festdaten (= Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz - treatises of the humanities and social sciences class. 1950, issue 10, ISSN 0002-2977 ). Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences and Literature, Mainz 1950.
Individual evidence
- ↑ With regard to the calendar dating with regard to the heliacal rising in the twelfth hour of the night , an ancient Egyptian calendar day must be deducted. Example: The heliacal rise in the twelfth hour of the night on the 30th of Achet I follows one hour later with sunrise on the 1st of Achet II. The Julian and Gregorian calendar dates therefore apply to both ancient Egyptian calendar days.
- ^ Jean Meeus: Astronomical Algorithms - Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4,5 - , Barth, Leipzig 2000 for: Ephemeris Tool 4,5 according to Jean Meeus, conversion program, 2001 .
- ↑ a b Beginning of the Sothis cycle in Memphis : first day of the heliacal rising of Sirius on the fifth day of the Heriu-renpet in the twelfth hour of the night on July 18 (J); Beginning of the first Achet I. one hour later, also on July 18th (J).
- ↑ Beginning of the Sothis cycle in Elephantine : first day of the heliacal rising of Sirius on the fifth day of the Heriu-renpet in the twelfth hour of the night on July 11th (J); Beginning of the first Achet I. one hour later, also on July 11th (J).
- ^ Beginning of the Sothis cycle in Elephantine: first day of the heliacal rising of Sirius on the fifth day of the Heriu-renpet in the twelfth hour of the night on July 12th (J); Beginning of the first Achet I. one hour later, also on July 12th (J).