List of cognitive biases

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This list includes cognitive distortions ( English cognitive biases or cognitive illusions ).

A cognitive distortion is a collective term in cognitive psychology for systematic erroneous tendencies in perceiving , remembering , thinking and judging . They mostly remain unconscious and are based on cognitive heuristics .

list

Overview of cognitive biases

This list is a selection of known cognitive biases and does not claim to be exhaustive.

Name of the cognitive bias description
Anchor heuristic ( English anchoring effect ) The fact that people are influenced by currently available numerical environmental information when estimating numerical values, without being aware of this influence.
Attribution error ( English correspondence bias ) The tendency to seek the cause of an observed behavior too often in (fixed) "character traits" of the acting person and too rarely in the (variable) characteristics of the respective situation.
Insistence on beliefs Insistence on a persistent first hypothesis, when new information contradicts that belief.
Backfire effect The tendency to view facts that contradict one's own belief as confirmation of one's own belief.
Belief bias , also called belief bias The tendency to accept credible conclusions regardless of whether they can be derived logically correctly from the premises.
Confirmation Error ( English confirmation bias ) The propensity to select and interpret information in a way that confirms one's expectations .
Bias blind spot , also called distortion blindness The tendency to think of oneself as unaffected.
Clustering illusion , see also apophenia and pareidolia The tendency to see patterns in data streams even when there are none.
Cross-race effect Poor recognition of faces that do not come from one's own ethnic group compared to faces from one's own ethnic group.
Decoy effect Preferring one of two options when adding a third option (bait) that is inferior to either option in all respects.
Default effect Excessive preference for the option that comes into effect when an actor does not make an active decision.
Déformation professionnelle The tendency to unconsciously apply a professional or subject-related method or perspective to other topics and situations beyond its scope.
Dunning-Kruger Effect The tendency of less competent people to overestimate their own abilities and underestimate the competence of others.
Emotional evidence The tendency to view a felt emotion as evidence of an assumption.
Gender bias The tendency to read generic as specific masculine or to make assumptions about role clichés (e.g. excavator operator = man, flight attendant = woman).
Healthy worker effect , also known as healthy worker bias The tendency to find a better health status of the employees in epidemiological cohort studies , because employees have to be in a certain state of health in order to be able to carry out their work, while in the general population there are also people unable to work due to illness .
Halo effect The tendency to infer unknown properties from known characteristics of a person.
Hot hand phenomenon A fortuitous accumulation of successes in sports and gambling is seen as "having a run" or as a "winning streak".
Illusory correlation The mistaken perception of a correlation between two events.
Impact bias The psychological effects of a presented negative event such as job loss or separation from the partner are systematically expected to be too long and deep.
Catastrophizing (English also magnifying = "to enlarge") The wrong assumption that the worst, because it is imaginable, is very likely to actually happen.
Contrast effect The more intense perception of information that is presented together with information that is in contrast.
Illusion of control ( English illusion of control ) The wrong assumption that you can control random events through your own behavior.
Law of the instrument Observation that people who are well acquainted with a tool (or a procedure) tend to use that tool even when another tool would be more suitable (also: “Maslow's hammer”).
Follower effect , also known as the bandwagon effect Perceived success increases willingness to follow likely successful courses of action.
Moral licensing Describes the psychological phenomenon that people can do a bad deed without feeling guilty if they have done a good deed beforehand.
Subsequent justification tendency Justification of the acquisition after buying something that makes little sense.
Recall bias , also called memory distortion Source of error mainly in retrospective studies.
Hindsight bias ( English hindsight bias ) The falsified memory of one's own predictions made about an event after the event occurred.
Status quo distortion Tendency to favor the status quo over change.
Disregard of scale Failure to measure up a problem. For example, in one study, people agreed to pay an average of $ 78 to save 20,000 birds. If, on the other hand, they are asked about their willingness to pay to save 2,000 birds, the average result is almost the same.
Overestimation of oneself , also distortion of presumption The overestimation of one's own abilities and skills.
Self -serving distortion and Lake Wobegon effect Distortions that serve to maintain a positive, consistent self-image.
Self-reference effect Schematic effect of the self-concept.
Survivorship bias Distortion in favor of the “survivors” / “successful”, experiences of “unsuccessful” individuals are not equally taken into account.
Turkey illusion The tendency to extrapolate a trend without questioning it. Security is constantly growing with the trend. Therefore, at the time of the trend break, security is greatest, as is the shock about the trend break.
Loss aversion The tendency to weight losses higher than gains.
Truth effect The tendency to attribute greater truth to statements that have been heard or read before than those that are heard for the first time.
Two-factor theory of emotion The tendency to use situational cues for the causal attribution of emotions.
Omission effect Overestimating the risks involved in actions versus inaction.
Possession effect , also called endowment effect The tendency to value a good more valuable when you own it.
IKEA effect The tendency to show more appreciation for self-designed or at least self-assembled objects compared to ready-made mass products.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Daniel Kahneman : Fast thinking, slow thinking . Penguin Verlag, November 14, 2016, ISBN 978-3-328-10034-8 .
  2. ↑ Jacqueline P. Leighton, Robert J. Sternberg (Ed.): The Nature of Reasoning. Page 300, Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978-0-521-00928-7 .
  3. ^ Peter Wason : Reasoning about a rule. In: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. Volume 20, 1968, ISSN  0033-555X , pp. 273-281.
  4. ^ Justin Kruger , David Dunning , Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . Published in: American Psychological Association , Volume 77, Issue 6, pp. 1121-1134.
  5. ↑ Sheldon Lachman, Alan R. Bass: A Direct Study of Halo Effect. In: The Journal of Psychology . Volume 119, issue 6, pages 535-540.
  6. ^ DT Gilbert, EC Pinel, TD Wilson, SJ Blumberg, TP Wheatley: Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume 75, 1998, pp. 617-638, online text (PDF; 2.5 MB).
  7. ↑ 15 Common Cognitive Distortions. Retrieved June 17, 2020 .
  8. ^ W. Michael Hanemann: Valuing the environment through contingent valuation. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1994, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 19-43.