Lydford Castle

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Tower of Lydford Castle from the north west

Lydford Castle is a medieval castle in the village of Lydford in the English county of Devon . The first castle at Lydford, sometimes called the Norman Fort , was a small ring mill built in a corner of the Anglo-Saxon burh in the years following the Norman conquest of England . It was supposed to help the Normans control Devon after the widespread revolt against their rule in 1068. This Norman fort was abandoned in the middle of the 12th century.

The second castle at Lydford was built in 1195 after a wave of public order problems across England. It was a stone tower with a surrounding courtyard and was soon used as a prison and law enforcement court in Dartmoor Forest and the Devon tin mines. The tower was rebuilt in the mid-13th century, probably in the 1260s for Richard , the Earl of Cornwall . It was rebuilt to resemble a moth donjon , which was an outdated design at the time, but still exuded authority and power. In 1342 the castle, which continued to be used as a prison and courthouse, fell to the Duchy of Cornwall , which remained its owner until the 20th century.

The condition of the castle varied considerably over time; it was renovated several times and then allowed to deteriorate again. Nonetheless, with the exception of a period in the English Civil War and the Stuart Restoration in the 17th century through the 19th century , Lydford Castle played an important role in the administration of the Devon tin mines and Dartmoor Forest. In the 14th century, the castle had a bad name for injustices, and complaints about the Lydford Law continued for centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, however, Dartmoor Prison was built and Lydford Castle was no longer responsible for the legal administration of the district. The castle fell into disrepair by the middle of this century.

In 1922 Lydford Castle passed into the hands of the state and is now managed by English Heritage as a tourist attraction. The historian Andrew Saunders has described the castle as architecturally important, "the earliest example of a specially built prison" in England. The earthworks of the Norman fort belonged to the National Trust and are also open to the public.

history

1066-1150

Castle earthworks from the 11th century

The first castle at Lydford was built after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. In 1068 William the Conqueror intervened in south-west England to crush the far-reaching Anglo-Saxon revolts and to pacify the area. William the Conqueror was responsible for building city castles in former centers of Anglo-Saxon power throughout England and in Devon he built new city castles in Exeter , Totnes , Lydford and possibly Barnstaple .

Lydford, then called Hlidan , was a type of fortified Anglo-Saxon settlement called the 'Burh'. Called the "Norman Castle" in the 21st century, the castle was built in the far southwest corner of the Burh soon after 1068. It was designed as a ringwork and only covered an area of ​​55 meters × 60 meters, partially using the fortifications of the Burh . Similar patterns of castle building in existing Anglo-Saxon burhs can be seen at Wallingford Castle and Bedford Castle . Most of Lydford Castle was used to store grain in large timber and earth structures. It is not certain whether these storage facilities were intended to supply Norman troops or to store grain for other economic purposes.

This first castle was only used briefly and appears to have been abandoned in the middle of the 12th century. The grain stores were destroyed by fire, but the reason for this is not known. At the time, Lydford was also in serious economic decline.

1150-1239

construction

Ground plan of the castle in the 21st century: A - outer edge of the Burh wall and valley; B - outer bailey; C - tower; D - Main Street from Lydford

At the end of the 12th century, the government of King Richard I sought to fuel the growth of Lydford, including the revitalization of business in the settlement. Then, in 1195, there were widespread public order problems throughout England, including the South West. So the government decided to build a fort with a prison for royal prisoners in Lydford, from the old castle further along the west side of the settlement in a prestigious location near the settlement's church. In contemporary documents this fortress is referred to as "firme domus" (English: permanent house) or "Castelli de Lideford" (English: Lydford castle).

It is not clear why the decision was made to build the new castle in a different location in the settlement than the old one. The fall of Lydford is not a one-off, as a similar exchange took place at Canterbury Castle and Gloucester Castle . Usually such a change of the castle location is due to the destruction of the old defensive system or to changes in political leadership. Archaeologist Andrew Saunders says the new location was chosen because the older Lydford castle did not belong to the Crown in 1195 and was in ruins anyway. The castle cost £ 74 to build, an amount paid for by the proceeds of the Devon and Cornwall Crown.

The new castle was built in the form of a stone tower with a surrounding outer bailey. The outer bailey was rectangular and today, in the 21st century, measures 55 meters by 40 meters. The outer bailey was protected by circular walls and deep ditches on the southwest and northeast side, while the curtain wall and a valley of the original fortifications of the Burh provided protection on the northwest side . The southeast side of the outer bailey probably formed a small courtyard in front of the tower. A part of the earthworks from the 13th century is located here today; that is probably where the original entrance to the castle was.

The free-standing tower had a square footprint of 16 meters by 16 meters and was at least two stories high; in the 12th century the tower was on level ground without a mound . The rough walls were made of slate and granite , were up to 3.4 meters thick and had loopholes . The tower had a partition in the middle of the building that divided each floor into two rooms. The entrance was probably on the first floor. The tower had an internal water supply, of which a decorated gargoyle has been preserved to this day.

Roll in the right of the Tin Mines and Dartmoor Forest

Landmark in Dartmoor Forest

Lydford Castle does not appear to have been built primarily for military purposes, even if Johann Ohneland , when he came to the English throne in 1199, had the castle garrisoned and expensive to prevent any disputes in the region. The castle lacked the military attributes customary at the time, such as exterior gatehouses , and its construction appears to have been designed to instill the authority of a traditional defensive fortress rather than to withstand actual attack. Instead, it appears that in addition to helping with the other troubles of 1195, the castle was built with the intent of promoting the law of tin mines and forests in Devon. It is possible that the Crown's original intention was to have the castle take over the right of tin mines over all of Cornwall and Devon, although the role of the castle in practice extended to the Devon tin mines.

The law of the tin mines was the legal system for domination of the tin industry in medieval England. South West England, and Devon in particular, was an important source of tin in the 12th century; it was mined by independent miners who worked alluvial deposits across the region. This industry was regulated by the Crown, which levied a tax on the output of the mines and received income from any fine penalized those who violated the law of the tin mines. The laws also regulated the relationships between the miners and the other people in the area, whose economic interests were often neglected. The output of the tin mines increased from the 12th century, which led the crown to stretch regulation in order to generate more income. In 1198, William of Wrotham , who controlled Lydford Castle at the beginning of the reign of King John Ohneland, was appointed Warden of the Stannaries , a new post designed to bring more rigor to the management of the mining industry. Tin courts were introduced into Devon, led by a team of officials, and with the creation of the Duchy of Cornwall in the 14th century, administration of the right of the tin mines was delegated to the Duchy. From 1198 Lydford Castle was designated as a prison in support of the court and its trials.

Forests were special lands in medieval England that belonged to the Crown and were subject to forest law. Often chosen for their natural resources, they were intended to provide the crown with income or raw materials. In 1195 the Dartmoor Forest spanned the whole of Devon, but in 1204 Johann Ohneland trimmed the royal forest, excluding a large part of Devon from the scope of forest law, leaving only what is now known as Dartmoor. Forestry law was still in force in this reduced forest, which was what a specialized group of officials met who met at Lydford Castle to impose fines and other penalties. It is believed that both Lydford Castle and the forest were given to the Sheriff of Devon , William Brewer , in 1216 . This arrangement changed under King Henry III. when the lands were given to Richard the Earl of Cornwall in 1239 . Legally, this meant that the forest of Dartmoor was turned into a chase (crown land for hunting), although the Earls of Cornwall continued to hold court in Lydford Castle and enforced the Chase Law , which was very similar to the earlier forest law.

1239-1278

Tower from the southeast

Richard of Cornwall, the second son of King Edward II , took Lydford Castle into his possession in 1239. Richard was very interested in the development of Lydford, so he introduced an additional market and a new fair in the 1260s. Around this time the main tower of Lydford Castle was demolished and rebuilt, probably at Richard's orders of Cornwall, possibly after a serious fire in the building. Richard of Cornwall was a wealthy politician and the rebuilding of the castle in this way gave him an important status symbol in the region.

The former tower was gutted, the existing walls were cut to around 4.3 meters above the ground and the loopholes on the ground floor were closed. Two more storeys were then built on top of the older walls, better done with a higher percentage of granite in the thinner walls, which were typically around 1.8 meters thick. Although the structure remained essentially the same, the new tower was slightly smaller with a footprint of 14 meters by 15 meters. The first floor was kept simple and contained a number of rooms of varying levels of comfort, designed as a prison. The second floor was better equipped; it contained a hall and a bedchamber, which probably served as a courtroom and bedroom for the castellan.

Part of the work was the filling of a mound of earth, about 5.2 meters high, around the foundations of the tower. The original ground floor of the castle was now a cellar, which presumably served as a puteus (dt .: pit) to accommodate prisoners of lower rank and was accessible from the first floor via a ladder. Part of the ground floor was filled in to compensate for the pressure of the mound against the walls from the outside. It is not certain how many towers or donjons have similar mounds, as excavations are usually required to examine the foundations, but Totnes Castle and Farnham Castle also have mounds that have been dumped against the walls of the donjons. The reason a mound was built is unknown, but it was certainly not intended as a serious defensive facility. Instead, it was intended to serve as a superficial imitation of an older moth , so that the finished castle then mimicked this earlier symbol of power and strengthened the political status of its owner.

1278-1642

Blowing House , part of the remains of the tin industry in Devon

Richard's son Edmund took over the Earldom in 1278, but had little interest in Lydford Castle; he preferred Restormel Castle and Lostwithiel . When he died in 1299, Lydford Castle was neglected and in ruins. It fell back to the Crown and when King Edward II made his favorite, Piers Gaveston Earl of Cornwall in 1307, Lydford Castle also fell to him. At the beginning of the new century the castle was repaired and then again served as a prison. Edward II and Gaveston lost their power in 1327 and Thomas de Ercedekne was entrusted with the administration of Dartmoor and Lydford Castle by the new government. In 1329 the castle was valued at just over £ 11. Piers Gaveston's widow, Margaret de Clare , leased the property to Tavistock Abbey and it remained a prison.

Edward of Woodstock became the Duke of Cornwall in 1337 and acquired Lydford Castle after Margaret's death in 1342. Extensive repairs were made to the castle over the next three years and it was considered well roofed and well equipped inside. Over the next two centuries, the condition of the castle changed several times. Around 1390 the roof was covered so that the lead could be used for castles in Cornwall. The well in the castle was probably dug in the 15th century. After 1425 the crown lent the castle to a number of individuals, e.g. B. to Walter Hungerford or Sir Philip Courteney .

Lydford Castle remained the center of forest management throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. Despite complaints from non-miners at the beginning of the 14th century that the management of Lydford Castle prison was extremely lax, the prison had a reputation of bad and grim conditions by the end of that century. The first known rhymes with complaints about the "Lydford Law" date from 1399 and were popular for several centuries. In 1510, Richard Strode , a member of parliament advocating reform of tin mine law, was notoriously arrested by tin industry officials and imprisoned at Lydford Castle. He later described how he was held in an underground room in the donjon with bread and water and handcuffed until he paid the guard to have him released from the shackles.

After 1485 the duchy took the castle back under direct control and in 1546 it was again in poor condition. Renovation work was carried out under the reign of Elizabeth I , but a report from 1618 stated that the castle no longer served its function as a prison because of its poor condition. Further repair work was carried out in the 1620s and 1630s under the reign of Charles I.

1642-1900

Lydford Castle tower floor plan after 18th century renovations: A - Well; B - puteus ; C - input; D - Aborterker; E - presumed common room; F, G - cells for the prisoners; H, I - Aborterker; J - presumed courtroom; K - bedroom

Lydford Castle was in the English Civil War that broke out in 1642 between supporters of King Charles I and those of Parliament. The castle served as the main military prison in the region for the royalist commander Sir Richard Grenville . It had a terrible reputation among parliamentarians ; they complained that there were mass executions of military prisoners and that innocent civilians were extorted money with the threat of arrest. At the end of the Civil War, the Lydford property appears to have been sold off by Parliament. The castle was described by its correspondents in 1650 as "almost completely in ruins": the roof of the tower was still largely intact, but the ceilings and their beams collapsed and the entire property, including the outer bailey, was valued at only about £ 80.

With the Stuart Restoration in 1660, with which Charles II came to the English throne, the castle and forests fell back to the duchy. Sir John Grenville was made Rider and Master Forester of Dartmoor, and Lydford Castle continued to hold court to settle the affairs of the forest. Repairs to the dilapidated building do not appear to have been carried out and in 1704 a report was made for the government stating that the law of the tin mines could not be applied without a suitable prison.

Between 1716 and 1733 work was carried out to restore the castle to its proper condition. As part of this work, the partition wall was neatly rebuilt and the windows on the second floor were enlarged. The courtroom was given a chair for the judge of the tin court, additional seating for the court clerks and a barred area for the public around the outside of the courtroom. At the beginning of the 19th century, however, Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt , the Lord Warden of the Stanneries , had the construction of Dartmoor Prison in Princeton begin. Dartmoor Prison and Princeton became more important and the trials were now being held there rather than in Lydford Castle.

The castle fell into disrepair again, the use of the courtroom became unsafe and in 1833 the remaining facilities of the court were expanded. In the mid-19th century, the Duchy of Cornwall rejected proposals to repair the castle so that it could be used again as being too expensive, but the castle property was fenced in to prevent children from playing on the walls and being injured. By the 1870s, Lydford settlement had lost much of the importance it had in the Middle Ages, and the castle floors and roofs had either collapsed or removed.

20th and 21st centuries

Lydford Castle continued to belong to the Duchy of Cornwall until the 20th century. Albert Richardson , the architect for the Duchy's estates, suggested converting the castle property into a private residence in 1912, but the Duchy dropped the project. In 1932 the Duchy gave Lydford Castle to the Office of Works . Repair work was carried out in the 1930s and 1950s and archaeological investigations were undertaken in the 1960s. In the 21st century, the castle ruins are in the hands of English Heritage , who operate them as a tourist attraction. The historian Andrew Saunders has classified the castle as architecturally significant, as it was "the first specially built prison in England". The earthworks of the Norman fort are owned by the National Trust and open to the public. Both castle locations are considered Scheduled Monuments .

Individual references and comments

  1. ^ A b Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 163-164.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 123.
  3. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . Pp. 136-137.
  4. ↑ a b c d History and Research: Lydford Castle and Saxon Town . English Heritage. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  5. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . Pp. 134, 136-137.
  6. ^ A b O. H. Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 143.
  7. ^ A b c O. H. Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 184.
  8. ^ A b David M. Wilson, D. Gillam Hurst: Medieval Britain in 1966 in Medieval Archeology . Issue 11 (1967). P. 263.
  9. ^ DJ Cathcart King: The Castle in England and Wales . Routledge, London 1991. ISBN 978-0-415-00350-6 . P. 9.
  10. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 151.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 127.
  12. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 127, 160.
  13. ^ OH Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . Pp. 61-62.
  14. ↑ a b c d e Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 160.
  15. ↑ It is impossible to compare medieval prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. As a comparison, a typical baron had an annual income of around £ 100 during this period.
  16. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 147.
  17. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 123, 160.
  18. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 123-124.
  19. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 153-154.
  20. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 153-155.
  21. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 154.
  22. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 154-155.
  23. ^ Ralph B. Pugh: Imprisonment in Medieval England . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1968. ISBN 978-0-521-06005-9 . P. 133.
  24. ^ Anthony Musson, Nigel Saul (editor): Fourteenth Century England . Chapter: Court Venues and the Politics of Justice . Volume 5. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2008. ISBN 978-1-84383-387-1 . Pp. 173-174.
  25. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 127-131.
  26. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 130-131.
  27. ^ A b George Randall Lewis: The Stanneries: a Study of the English Tin Miner . Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York 1908. p. 34.
  28. ^ A b c Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 131.
  29. ↑ George Randall Lewis: The Stanneries: a Study of the English Tin Miner . Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York 1908. pp. 4-5.
  30. ^ A b Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 131-133.
  31. ^ A b George Randall Lewis: The Stanneries: a Study of the English Tin Miner . Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York 1908. p. 87.
  32. ↑ Richard Huscroft: Ruling England, 1042-1217 . Pearson, Harlow 2005. ISBN 978-0-582-84882-5 . P. 97.
  33. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 127-128.
  34. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 128.
  35. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 128-129.
  36. ↑ a b c d Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 129.
  37. ↑ a b c d e f Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 133.
  38. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 156, 161.
  39. ↑ The historian Robert Higham proposed a possible alternative to dating the new building of Lydford Castle, suggesting that both Lydford Castle and the nearby Launceston Castle could not have been rebuilt at the behest of Richard of Cornwall, but that of his son Edmund .
  40. ↑ Robert Higham: Afterthought: Launceston, Lydford, Richard of Cornwall and Current Debates in The Castle Studies Group Journal . Issue 23 (2010). P. 249.
  41. ^ A b c Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 156.
  42. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 157-158, 163.
  43. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 157, 163.
  44. ^ Anthony Musson, Nigel Saul (editor): Fourteenth Century England . Chapter: Court Venues and the Politics of Justice . Volume 5. Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2008. ISBN 978-1-84383-387-1 . P. 174.
  45. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 13.
  46. ^ A b Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 162.
  47. ↑ It is impossible to compare medieval prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. As a comparison, however, the Honor of Okehampton , a larger estate in Devon, then produced an income of £ 489 a year.
  48. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 148.
  49. ↑ a b c d e f g h Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 134.
  50. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 133-134.
  51. ↑ a b c d e Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 130.
  52. ^ RN Worth: Lydford and its Castle in Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art . Issue 11 (1879). Pp. 297-299.
  53. ^ A b Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 131-132.
  54. ↑ a b c d Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 135.
  55. ↑ It is difficult to compare early modern prices and incomes with today's prices and incomes. £ 80 in 1650 can be worth anywhere from £ 9,000 to £ 2 million today, depending on the scale used.
  56. ↑ Lawrence H. Officer, Samuel H. Williamson: Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present . MeasuringWorth. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 13, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.measuringworth.com
  57. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 159.
  58. ↑ a b c d Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 136.
  59. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). Pp. 135-136.
  60. ^ RN Worth: Lydford and its Castle in Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art . Issue 11 (1879). P. 295.
  61. ^ RN Worth: Lydford and its Castle in Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art . Issue 11 (1879). Pp. 284, 295.
  62. ^ Andrew D. Saunders: Lydford Castle, Devon in Medieval Archeology . Issue 24 (1980). P. 125.
  63. ^ Lydford Castle . Gatehouse Gazetteer. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  64. ^ Lydford Norman Ringwork . Gatehouse Gazetteer. Retrieved July 13, 2016.

literature

  • Phil Newman: The Town and Castle Earthworks at Lydford, Devon: an Archaeological Survey by English Heritage . English Heritage, Matford 2000.

Web links

Commons : Lydford Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 50 ° 38 ′ 34.1 "  N , 4 ° 6 ′ 41.4"  W.