Men's health

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Under men's health , the physical, psychological and social is health of boys and men of all ages understood. Men's health affects all public and private areas such as family , relationships , sexuality , upbringing , everyday life , kindergarten and school , youth work , politics or working life .

definition

“Men's health comprises those dimensions of health and illness that are particularly relevant for men and boys.” Health is physical, psychological and social well-being that arises from a balance of risk and protective factors that are both individual, partnership and collective responsibility lie. A healthy and mindful lifestyle, acceptance of one's own strengths, but also weaknesses as a man, sense of meaning and joy of life, social support and recognition act as protective factors. The risk and protective factors are unevenly distributed, especially among men, depending on education, origin, income and professional position. The health problems of men require special prevention and care offers throughout life, most of which have yet to be developed.

Men's health can also be defined as follows: Men's health defines itself and is differentiated

  1. via specific physical organs (penis, testicles, prostate, etc.),
  2. About specific social and cultural conditions for growing up and living out for boys and men (being young, being a man) and (partly resulting from this)
  3. about the gender-specific handling of health (images of masculinity and femininity).

subjects

In contrast to the medical sub-areas of andrology and urology, men's health is not limited to purely medical issues, but also addresses political and social issues. In addition, it deals - for example with the perspective of boys' health - with the genesis and conditions of health and health risks for men. The focus is on gender-specific risk images, health resources, diseases and approaches to health promotion . On the one hand, men's health research is interested in current issues: z. For example, the life expectancy of men five years shorter than that of women, the opportunities and risks of PSA tests or hormone replacement therapies .

On the other hand, men's health research also makes historical references to how men have dealt with health and illness in history , what resources have been made available to them or even denied. The historically quite different significance of conditions, behavior and care for men's health comes into view. The starting point of the research was the gender gap in life expectancy. In addition, gender-specific aspects of everyday life were examined, gender-specific drug consumption, most recently prevention in both German states and mental health.

Specific topics of men's health are derived from clinical pictures (especially in the urogenital area), or are favored by male lifestyles and behavior (especially cardiovascular diseases, cancer and liver diseases, traffic and work accidents, suicide ).

history

Men's health in Germany

The urologist Frank Sommer at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf was appointed to the first chair for men's health in German-speaking countries in autumn 2005 . Frank Sommer's team is particularly experienced in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and the reversal of sterilizations in men.

In 2005 the “Network for Men's Health” was initiated. In 2006 the businessman Olaf Theuerkauf and urologist Lothar Weißbach founded the Men's Health Foundation. From 2006 to 2012 she carried out the HAROW study, the largest health care study in German-speaking countries on prostate cancer. The first German men's health report was published as a pilot report in 2010, followed three years later by the 2013 men's health report with a focus on the mental health of boys and men. In 2017, the Third Men's Health Report was published on the subject of "Men's Sexuality". In 2015, the first issues of the men's health knowledge series appeared, the first health guides that are primarily aimed at men, both in terms of content and appearance.

Since 2008, organizations working with men, young people and fathers have come together in Germany and discussed the need for and possible forms of cooperation at the federal level. This resulted in the National Forum Men - Interest Association for Boys, Men and Fathers eV, initially with 24 member organizations. In 2018, the association had 33 member organizations from the fields of education, violence, health, sexuality, church, trade unions, social associations, etc. The federal forum represents the political interests of men externally, while the focus is on professional networking internally.

In 2012, the “Competence Center for Boys and Men Health Baden-Württemberg” was founded in Stuttgart, which has since raised awareness of the topic through a variety of event formats in the state. It initiated the first report on the health of boys and men in the state of Baden-Württemberg, which appeared in 2015. In the meantime, men's health has been included in the deliberations of the state committees on various occasions.

Also in 2012, the Federal Ministry of Health and the Federal Center for Health Education (BZgA) launched the men's health portal (www.maennergesundheitsportal.de). This is where checked information specific to men on topics such as sport / exercise, healthy eating, alcohol, smoking, mental health, early diagnosis examinations, etc. is offered. This information offer is supplemented by the Internet offer "Healthy & Older".

Men's health in Austria

In 1999, the “Vienna Men's Health Report” was presented by the health planning department of the City of Vienna. This differentiated and multi-layered report covers extensive health dimensions such as life expectancy, epidemiology, work and health, lifestyle, sexual health, mental health, health care, health promotion, senior citizens in Vienna. On page 229 of the report it says: “The health potential of men's health is to be assessed as particularly high, especially in Vienna, since Vienna men have the highest morbidity and mortality rates compared to other federal states for many causes of illness and death. The above-average number of years of life lost can be gained, in particular through preventive health measures and health promotion. The measures must focus primarily on:

  • Cardiovascular disease, and especially the risk factors for coronary artery disease
  • Cancer diseases, especially the risk factors for lung, colon and bladder cancer
  • Accident prevention in traffic and at work
  • Chronic lung disease

The connections between men's health and socio-economic factors are particularly strong. Low educational status, lower income and a job with a low qualification profile pose an enormous risk of poor health and increased mortality for men ”. This report was the occasion for the City of Vienna to finance the Vienna men's health center MEN, which was founded in 2002. Organizationally, it was embedded in the Institute for Women's and Men's Health. On the one hand, this ensured comprehensive gender-sensitive health promotion and, on the other hand, the focus of activities on socially disadvantaged target groups. The MEN men's health center deals with a wide range of health topics, on which personal advice, a wide range of courses, offers to activate father's health resources, company health promotion, outreach offers in the setting Viennese homeless assistance, children and youth prevention offers both outreach and on site, support and victim protection for men as Affected by human trafficking, networking, psychological and psychotherapeutic care, which can also be offered in different languages ​​if necessary.

In 2004 the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs commissioned the first Austrian health report from the Austrian Institute for Health Care. This also represents a multi-layered study of the health situation of the male population in Austria, which in many cases corresponds to the previous Vienna report.

The health care system is faced with the task of being more gender-sensitive in the future and therefore systematically taking into account the importance of gender. The aim is not to expand the range of services, but to improve the accuracy of the offer, ie a more differentiated focus on the various target groups, including men. One of the tasks in the context of this report was therefore to identify existing best-practice models of men's health and to issue recommendations for action for men-specific prevention and health promotion measures. The most important stressful situations for men were identified as lifestyle, increased frequency of accidents, lower and delayed use of health care services, and increased morbidity compared to women.

As a result, three men’s reports have been submitted by the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs to date (2005, 2011, 2017), all of which emphasize the relevance of the topic of men's health and also highlight the work of the men's counseling centers in Austria on this topic as particularly important and significant. When the umbrella association of Austrian men's counseling centers - DMÖ - was founded and its main focus was on the area of ​​men's health, it was one of the five pillars in terms of content.

International developments

Over the past 25 years, men's health has become an important issue in more and more countries around the world, including Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States of America. There are now independent men's health organizations in these countries. a. work to improve policies and services, conduct research and advise.

The first international men's health organization was the International Society for Men's Health (ISMH), which was founded at the first World Congress for Men's Health in 2001 in Vienna. Over the past decade, ISMH has developed a much stronger clinical focus, and less focused on the social determinants of men's health, public health, and policy development.

The European Men's Health Forum was also launched in 2001. It was the driving force behind the influential Vienna Declaration on Men's Health in 2005. The declaration, which is supported by a wide range of organizations, calls on the European Union and national governments to recognize men's health as a separate and important issue to develop a better understanding of men's attitudes towards health, to invest in “men-sensitive” health care approaches, to initiate work for boys and young men in schools and communities, and to develop coordinated health and social strategies that promote men's health . The declaration was followed in 2011 by the publication of a landmark report by the European Commission on the state of health of men in the European Union (EU). This was essentially a comprehensive statistical analysis of the problems men face, but it failed to take any account of the implications for policy and practice development. It has not directly led to major initiatives at national or European level, but the EU has since funded some major cross-border men's health projects such as Eurofit and Step by Step.

In September 2004, Alan White was appointed to the world's first chair in men's health at Leeds Metropolitan University. He has set up a men's health center (Center for Men's Health) at the university, which employs four research assistants in addition to A. White. The center was closed in 2017.

The men's health organizations in the various countries have promoted the International Men's Health Week, which takes place every year in June. In Australia and Ireland, they were closely involved in developing national men's health policies. In Australia and Ireland, the respective governments launched national men's health strategies in 2009. Brazil launched a similar strategy. In 2013, work began in Iran to develop a national men's health policy, the results of which are not yet known.

Other national organizations deal with specific issues relating to men's health, such as: B. prostate cancer or mental health. These have made a significant contribution to raising the profile of men's health as a topic, not least because they have often been able to bring well-known athletes or other celebrities on board who have helped generate media coverage. The Movember Foundation, which was founded in Australia in 2004 and is now active in over 20 countries, has become an important funder of research and awareness-raising in the field of prostate cancer.

In 2014 the "Global Action on Men's Health - GAMH" was launched. Most national men's health organizations, as well as many other organizations and individuals working in the field of men's health, are members. GAMH has an explicit focus on social determinants and public health policy. In addition to creating a new network for the exchange of information and ideas, the GAMH is to advocate that men's health becomes part of the gender agenda of global health organizations, not least the WHO, with which it is working on the development of a men's health strategy for Europe.

There are now several other international men's organizations whose work complements the work of those who have a special interest in men's health. Promundo, based in Washington DC, is committed to promoting gender equality and preventing violence by dismantling male roles that run counter to gender equality. Promundo created the MenCare program, which aims to promote the equal participation of men in care and in just, nonviolent fatherhood worldwide. MenEngage is a global alliance made up of country networks in many regions of the world, many non-governmental organizations and UN partners. Its members want to work together for the need to involve men and boys in gender equality, to develop and improve the field of practice for the inclusion of men in the realization of gender equality and to meet with political decision-makers at local, national, regional and international level to use for it.

There are now academic research centers for men's health in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States, as well as several international men's health journals, including the Journal of Men's Health and the International Journal of Men's Community and Social Health. A number of other journals have also published articles on men's health issues. This has led to the development of a much more informed theoretical understanding of men's health and has helped create a solid evidence base for policy and practical initiatives. Of particular note was the publication by the Lancet in 2014 of a paper on the Football Fans in Training Program in Scotland, which showed through a randomized control study that gender-based intervention improved diet, physical activity and weight gain in men could.

Despite advances at national and international levels in advocacy, influence, research and professional practice, men's health remains very problematic. In 2016, the average life expectancy of men at birth was 70 years worldwide, according to the WHO. Lesotho had the lowest life expectancy for men at 51 years and Switzerland the highest at 81 years, a difference of 30 years or almost 60%. For comparison: the average global life expectancy of women was 74 years. The difference in life expectancy between men and women has increased by about 30% worldwide since 1970.

In 2018, the Global Health 50/50 report looked at the gender policies of 140 major organizations active in and / or influencing global health. The analysis found that only 40% of organizations mention “gender” in their program and strategy documents and that only 31% define gender in a way that is “in line with global norms” (ie with a focus on men as well as women the structures and systems that determine gender roles and relationships).

Memorial days

The “International Men's Day” is celebrated on November 19th. The aim is to focus on boys' and men's health.

On December 10th, the “Day of Unequal Life Expectancy” is celebrated, with which attention is drawn to the shorter average life expectancy of men compared to women and the reasons for this

See also

literature

  • D. Bardehle, M. Dinges, A. White: What is men's health? A definition. In: Healthcare. October 2015. doi: 10.1055 / s-0035-1564077
  • Thomas Altgeld (ed.): Men's health. New challenges for health promotion and prevention . Juventa-Verlag, Weinheim / Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7799-1659-2 .
  • Gunter Neubauer, Reinhard Winter: Boys and men in balance. Male approaches to relaxation and stress management. In: Petra Kolip (Ed.): Gender equitable health promotion and prevention. Theoretical foundations and models of good practice. Juventa-Verlag, Weinheim / Munich, ISBN 3-7799-1683-5 , pp. 181-192.
  • Matthias Stiehler (ed.): Men's life and health. An interdisciplinary, multi-professional introduction . Juventa-Verlag, Weinheim / Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-7799-1149-4 .
  • Wolfgang Harth, Elmar Brähler, Hans-Christian Schuppe (Hrsg.): Praxishandbuch Männergesundheit. Interdisciplinary advice and treatment guide. Medical Scientific Publishing Company, Berlin 2012.
  • Doris Bardehle, Matthias Stiehler (ed.): First German men's health report. A pilot report. Zuckschwerdt Verlag, Munich 2010.
  • Lothar Weißbach, Matthias Stiehler (Eds.): Men's Health Report 2013. In focus: Mental health. Publisher Hans Huber, Bern 2013.
  • Bernhard Stier, Reinhard Winter (ed.): Boys and health. An interdisciplinary handbook for medicine, psychology and education . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2013.
  • Robert Koch Institute (Ed.): Health situation of men in Germany. Contributions to federal health reporting. Berlin 2014
  • Boys and men health in Baden-Württemberg 2015. Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Family, Women and Seniors Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2015.
  • D. Bardehle: International view on burden of Disease and subjective health of male seniors 65+ in Germany, 2015. In: Open Access Journal of Nursing. Vol 1, Issue 1, 2018, pp. 18-29.
  • Men's Health Foundation (ed.): Sexuality of men. Third German Men's Health Report, 2017. Psychosozial Verlag, Giessen.
  • S. O'Donnell, N. Richardson: Middle-aged men and suicide in Ireland. Men's Health Forum in Ireland, Dublin 2018.
  • European Commission. Directorate General for Health & Consumers: The state of men's health in Europe. Report. 2011, ISBN 978-92-79-20167-7 doi: 10.2772 / 60721 .
  • Malaysian Men's Health Initiative: Asian Men's Health Report. 2012.
  • Men's health and wellbeing initiative Western Australia (WA): The health and wellbeing status of Western Australian males. 2016.
  • The Department of Health Ireland (DoH): National men's health action plan Healthy Ireland - Men HI-M 2017-2021 Working with men in Ireland to achieve optimum health and wellbeing. http://www.lenus.ie/hse/handle/10147/621003. Accessed 09_07_2018
  • The Department of Health Ireland (DoH): National Men's Health Policy 2008-2013. Working with men in Ireland to achieve optimum health & wellbeing. Reference Document: https://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/reference_document.pdf Accessed 09_07_2018
  • A. Schmeiser – Rieder, M. Kunze: Vienna men's health report. MA L City of Vienna, Vienna 1999.
  • C. Habl, A. Birner, A. Hlava, P. Winkler: Austrian men's health report with special consideration of men's health care. Federal Ministry for Social Affairs and Consumer Protection. Vienna 2004.
  • P. Ballnik, P. Wassertheurer: First Austrian men's report . Vienna 2005.
  • R. Raml, E. Dawid, G. Feistritzer: Second Austrian men's report. Vienna 2011.
  • R. Raml, E. Dawid, G. Feistritzer, Hochwarter Ch: Third Austrian men's report. Vienna 2017.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bardehle et al.: What is men's health? 2015.
  2. ↑ Bardehle et al.: What is men's health - a definition. 2015.
  3. ^ Weissenrieder bull: youth medicine.
  4. ↑ Altgeld: Men's Health.
  5. ↑ Klotz Stiehler: Men's life and health.
  6. ↑ Altgeld Kolip: Gender-health promotion and prevention.
  7. ↑ Taurus, Winter: Boys and Health
  8. ↑ Dinges: Medical and Health History Paradigms. 2011.
  9. ↑ Dinges: Men's Health History. 2015.
  10. ^ M. Dinges, A. Weigl: Gender-specific life expectancy. 2016.
  11. ↑ S. Hoffmann: Healthy Everyday Life in the 20th Century? 2010.
  12. ↑ A. Hoffmann: drug consumption and gender. 2014.
  13. ↑ J. Linek, P. Pfütsch: Gender images and health education. 2016.
  14. ↑ Ch. Sponge: Crazy types? Masculinity and experience of illness. 2018.
  15. ↑ New in Uke - Professor Dr. Frank Sommer ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uke.uni-hamburg.de archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: uke news. Hamburg October 2005, p. 31.
  16. ↑ Stiehler Bardehle: Men's Health Report.
  17. ↑ Stiehler Weißbach: Men's Health Report. 2013.
  18. ↑ Men's Health Foundation (ed.): 3rd Men's Health Report. 2017.
  19. ↑ Men's Health Foundation: Knowledge Series. Men's Health Foundation, accessed on October 23, 2018 .
  20. ^ Federal forum men. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  21. ^ Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Family, Women and Seniors Baden-Württemberg (2015): Boys and Men Health in Baden-Württemberg
  22. ↑ Competence Center for Boys and Men Health. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  23. ↑ Men's Health Report Baden-Württemberg. (PDF) Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  24. ↑ https://www.gesund-aktiv-aelter-haben.de/start/
  25. ^ Anita Schmeiser-Rieder, Michael Kunze: Vienna men's health report. 1999.
  26. ↑ men-center.at
  27. ↑ Austrian Federal Institute for Health Care, on behalf of the men's policy department of the Federal Ministry for Social Affairs and Consumer Protection: First Austrian Men's Health Report, 2004.
  28. ^ Federal Ministry for Social Security, Generations and Consumer Protection: 1st Austrian Men's Report, 2005.
  29. ↑ Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Consumer Protection: 2nd Austrian Men's Report, 2011.
  30. ↑ https://dmoe-info.at/
  31. ↑ emhf.org
  32. ↑ uefa.com
  33. ↑ European Commission: The state of men's Health in Europe, 2011.
  34. ^ A. White: Beeing male in the 21st century. Inaugural lecture by Prof. Alan White at Leeds Metropolitan University on April 28, 2005.
  35. ^ Male Health Policy. Retrieved October 23, 2018 .
  36. ↑ gamh.org
  37. ↑ promundoglobal.org
  38. ↑ menengage.org