Makhdumzada

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The Makhdumzadas were the descendants and followers of the Hodschas Hazrat-i-Makhdum-i-A'zam († 1540/2), especially in Kashgaria (East Turkestan ). They existed from the 16th to the 19th century and ruled Kashgar and Yarkand in the late 17th and first half of the 18th centuries largely independently in a kind of Islamic theocracy . After the country was annexed to Qing China , they repeatedly led rebellions against Chinese rule from exile. The lineage ( silsila ) is often mentioned in connection with the Naqschbandi .

Beginnings, split into Aqtaghliq and Qarataghliq

The Hodja rule in Kashgaria was based on a certain Hazrat-i-Makhdum-i-A'zam (actually: Ahmad Kasani, † 1540/2). He was a wandering teacher, missionary and miracle worker from the Ferghana valley or later Bukhara and Samarkand, who rose to the position of Khalifa (i.e. spiritual adviser) of the Chagatai Khan Said (ruled approx. 1514-1533 in Kashgar). He is counted as part of the Naqschbandi brotherhood, mentioned in the contemporary history book Tarik-i-Rashidi and also went to India in 1536. Several Naqschbandi lines, especially those of his sons and the Juybari Sheikhs in Bukhara, were legitimized through him.

The Chagatai Khan Said was just as successful a warlord as a devout Muslim and protected several Hodschas, such as Muhammad Yusuf from Samarkand, the followers of Sheikh Ahmad Jassavi (1103–1166) and this same Ahmad Kasani alias Makhdum-i-A'zam. After Said Khan's government and that of his son Abdur Raschid († around 1565), the influence of the khans waned and the influence of the hodschas on the political fortunes of the country became dominant. Makhdum-i-A'zam's son Muhammad Ishaq Wali († 1599) was able to place one of his followers, Khan Muhammad (r. 1591-1609) on the throne in Yarkand.

As a result, two Hodscha factions emerged: the Aqtaghliq (i.e. the white mountain people, also called Afaqiyya ) in Kashgar and the Qarataghliq (i.e. the black mountain people, also called Ishaqiyya ) in Yarkand . The explanations for the split differ. According to one account, two sons of the Hodja (Muhammad Amin and Muhammad Ishaq Wali) are said to have transmitted their mutual hatred to their descendants and followers. The more widespread view is that the dispute between two Kyrgyz tribal confederations, the Aqtaghliq and Qarataghliq in the mountains of Aqtaq and Qarataq (the latter in the Pamir region) had an impact on the proselytizing Hodjas. In addition, there may have been further differences in the interests of the targeted social groups, which at least in the 17th century led to different teachings.

Islamic theocracy in the Tarim Basin

The grave of Hazrat Apak and several generations of his family near Kashgar was or is a popular place of pilgrimage.

A certain Isma'il tried around 1677 to renew the rule of the Chagatai khans over Kashgaria and drove the Hodscha Hazrat Apak († 1693/4), a great-grandson of Makhdum-i-A'zam and leader of the Aqtaghliq party, from Kashgar. Hazrat Apak fled to Tibet and (despite the religious rivalry) asked the 5th Dalai Lama for help. With his recommendation he was able to get the Djungarian prince Galdan (a former monk student) on his side, who in 1678 unceremoniously captured Isma'il Khan and instead appointed Hazrat Apak as his vassal in Kashgar, Yarkand and all the oases of the Tarim basin. Hazrat Apak, however, soon intrigued together with Isma'il's brother Muhammad Amin against the Djungars who were expelled.

After Hazrat Apak's death, there were family disputes and fighting between the supporters of the Aqtaghliq and Qarataghliq , while the Chagatai finally disappeared. Around 1713 Ahmed was at the head of the Aqtaghliq in Kashgar and Daniyal at the head of the Qarataghliq in Yarkand. The new Djungarian Khan Tsewangrabtan (r. 1697-1727) used the situation to renew his sovereignty over the Tarim Basin and in 1713 led the leaders of the two Hodscha parties into captivity. There Daniyal of the Qarataghliq gained his trust and was finally installed as sole regent in Kashgaria in 1720, with the residence in Yarkand. The Aqtaghliq leaders remained in captivity (until 1755).

After Daniyal's death, the Djungars divided the cities of Kashgaria as a precaution among his five sons and after the death of Galdan Tsereng (r. 1727–1745) their supremacy ended.

The Aqtaghliq party under Burhan ad-Din and Jahan, two great-grandchildren of Hazrat Apak (with Chinese support) , was able to regain power in 1755/56 and eliminate the Qarataghliq . This was made possible by the chaotic conditions in the jungles, where Qing China intervened and installed Prince Amarsanaa (also: Amursana, ruled 1755–57) as the new Khan. The Hodschas finally supported Amarsanaa in his uprising against Qing China, so that the Manchu general Jiao Hui (Tschao Hui) also went against Yarkand and Kashgar after the destruction of the jungle empire (1758/59). One of his envoys had been murdered in Yarkand, and a Chinese unit (assigned to the Hodschas) had been massacred by them in Kucha . Jiao Hui conquered both cities against violent resistance and pursued the followers of the Hodschas as far as the Pamirs, where Burhan ad-Din and Jahan were killed by the local prince (1759, Badakhshan ). Several thousand survivors settled in Kokand .

During their rule, the Hodschas established numerous Koran schools and madrasas in the urban centers. They also often represented the interests of the (Muslim) traders.

The Hodja uprisings against China (19th century)

The new rulers left a large part of the local administration of the Tarim Basin in the hands of the local Muslim ruling class. This collected the taxes and spoke right. Although there have been Naqshbandi -Bruderschaften promoted, not turned against Qing China, and also some Makhdumzada-Hodja, but these people were then taken precaution to Beijing. Even under Chinese rule, Ishaqiyya followers lived in Yarkand, Khotan and Yangi-Hisar , while Afaqiyya followers were in Kashgar, Aksu and Kucha. Around 1800, both groups oriented themselves towards the Hodschas residing in the Kokand Khanate for the purpose of religious leadership . Contact was maintained through trade.

With the decline of the Qing Empire in the 19th century, there were religiously motivated uprisings in the Tarim Basin in 1825–28, 1830, 1847 and 1857, which were supported by the Makhdumzadas from their exile in Kokander . The Hodscha Muhammad Amin (also: Samsaq, Sarymsak, † after 1798), the only escaped son of Burhan ad-Din, settled there towards the end of his life. China repeatedly paid large sums of money and goods (tea) so that the Khan of Kokand would keep this man and his followers under control and thus maintain peace on the border. Samsaq left three sons: Muhammad Yusuf, Jahangir and Baha ad-Din. The second eldest brother, Jahangir, was important, and at times succeeded in wrestling Kashgaria from the grip of the Qing (1825-28).

Jahangir's great revolt began in 1824 with a gang of a few hundred Kyrgyz people. When an unsuccessful Qing officer had an undefended Kyrgyz camp massacred in revenge, an uprising broke out among them, which quickly attracted around 10,000 men (Kashgars, Kokander, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Tajiks) to Jahangir. Finally, the Khan of Kokand, Muhammad Ali (r. 1822–41) showed up with an army to take part in the siege of Kashgar, but soon left (at odds with Jahangir). Jahangir was able to conquer the city anyway, and then bring the other cities under his control. In 1827 the Qing were able to organize a counterattack in Aksu. Jahangir withdrew, was played, captured and taken to Beijing in 1828, where he was executed.

Then the eldest, Muhammad Yusuf († 1835) got an army from Khan Kokands to attack Kashgaria (1830). But he had only formal authority (to the detriment of his reputation) and had to leave when the Khan withdrew his troops.

In 1847 there was another such hodja uprising. This time he was led by the "Seven Hodschas", especially Muhammad Yusuf's son Katta Khan and Baha ad-Din's son Wali Khan. Despite taking Kashgar, they received only half-hearted support from the population, while the Chinese were able to quickly increase their troops. Step by step pushed back by their superior firepower, the Hodschas gave up Kashgar again. In the 1850s, however, they undertook further raids that hit the local economy badly. A major attack took place in 1857 after an uprising in Kucha: the Hodschas once again took Kashgar, but were successfully repulsed in front of Yarkand.

Taking advantage of a Dungan uprising in Gansu , which interrupted the connection to China, the Hodja Buzurg Khan (the only surviving son of Jahangir, one of the "Seven Hodjas") seized Kashgaria in 1865 and removed the Chinese bases. However , he was captured and exiled as early as 1867 by his military commander Yakub Beg , to whom he owed his success. The same thing happened to the Hodja Wali Khan, who was poisoned. Yakub Beg followed the Islamic traditions of this area established by the Hodschas, but at the same time marked the final end of the Hodscha rule, even if there were political representatives of these Hodscha families in the 20th century.

List of hodjas

Aqtaghliq (also: Afaqiyya)

  • Ahmad Kasani alias Hazrat-i-Makhdum-i-A'zam (1461 / 2-1541 / 2)
  • Muhammad Amin alias Ishan-i Kalan, 1st son of the before. (1520-1597 / 8).
  • Muhammad Yusuf (1591 / 2-1652 / 53), son of the before.
  • Hidayat Allah alias Hazrat Apak (? -1693/4), son of the before.
  • Yahya (1694–1695), Mahdi, Hasan († 1725), sons of before.
  • Ahmed (around 1713), son of Yahya
  • Burhan ad-Din and Jahan / Yahya (both † 1759), sons of vor.
  • Qasim, Baha al-Din, Abd al-Khaliq, Muhammad Amin alias Samsaq (1755–1809), the sons of Burhan ad-Din
  • Muhammad Yusuf († 1835), Jahangir (1790–1828) and Baha ad-Din (1793-1825), sons of Samsaq
  • The "Seven Hodschas" (七 和 卓) u. a .:
    • Katta Tore (1815–1869), Yichik Khan and Abd Allah, the sons of Muhammad Yusuf
    • Hakim and Hashim Khan, sons of Katta Khan
    • Buzurg Khan, son of Jahangir
    • Wali Khan (1825–1865) and Awliya, sons of Baha ad-Din
    • Tawakkul, a cousin

Qarataghliq (also: Ishaqiyya)

  • Ahmad Kasani alias Hazrat-i-Makhdum-i-A'zam (1461 / 2-1541 / 2)
  • Muhammad Ishaq Wali (? -1599), 4th or 7th son of the previous one
  • ...
  • Ubaidullah
  • Shu'aib, Daniyal (ca.1720/40), sons of the before.
  • Yusuf (Kashgar), Jagan (Yarkand), Ayyub (Aksu), Abdallah (Khotan), sons of Daniyal.

See also

Remarks

  1. ^ Grousset, Empire of the Steppes, p. 527; Millward: Eurasian crossroads: A history of Xinjiang, pp. 86f.
  2. ↑ His widow Khanym-Padshah had the eldest son Yahya murdered in order to put Mahdi in his place (1695). She was murdered herself soon after.
  3. ↑ Incidentally, a German, Adolf von Schlagintweit, was also executed as an alleged Chinese spy during the events .

literature

  • Henry Schwarz: The Khwajas of Eastern Turkestan . In: Central Asiatic Journal , Vol. 20 (1976), pp. 266-296, ISSN  0008-9192
  • Martin Hartmann : A holy state in Islam. The end of the Caghataids and the rule of the Chogas in Kashgaria . In: Ders .: The Islamic Orient. Reports and Research, Vol. 1 . Oriental PRess, Amsterdam 1976, ISBN 90-6023-174-0 , pp. 195ff (unchanged reprint of the Berlin 1905 edition).
  • Laura Newby: The Empire And the Khanate. A Political History of Qing Relations with Kokand ca.1760-1860 (Inner Asian Library; 16). Brill, Leiden 2005, ISBN 90-04-14550-8 .
  • John King Fairbank (Ed.): The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part 1. CUP, Cambridge 1978
  • Gavin Hambly (Ed.): Central Asia . Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1966.
  • René Grousset : L'empire des steppes . Payot, Paris 1960.
    • German: The steppe peoples. Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane . Kindler, Munich 1970.

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