Kuqa
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The circle Kuqa or Kutscha (Modern Chinese simplified: 库车 县; traditional: 庫車 縣, Pinyin Kùchē xiàn , sometimes also Kucha , Chiu-tzu , Kiu-che , Kuei-tzu ; Old Chinese: 屈 支 屈 茨; 龜 弦; 丘玆, also Bo ; ancient 龜茲 , Qiūcí ; Uighur كۇچار Kuqar ) belongs to the Aksu administrative district in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China . The district has an area of 14,522 km² and about 400,000 inhabitants (end of 2003). About a quarter of them live in the large community of Kuqa (库车 镇), the administrative seat of the district. Kuqa was an important stop on the Silk Road .
The name Kuqa is probably derived from the Kutschan word * kutsi, which probably means "white", like the name of the royal family of Kutscha Po.
history
The territory of the former Kingdom of Kucha included the present-day counties of Bugur , Kucha, Aksu , Ushi, Toksu and Shah-yar . In 109 BC The kingdom of Kucha was demonstrably on friendly terms with China. in the 1st century BC The first contact with the emerging Han dynasty came about in the 2nd century BC, making Kuqa a Chinese vassal for a time. In 46 AD Kuqa was conquered by King Xian of Yarkant . After further unrest, the Tarim Basin was subjugated again in 78 AD by the Chinese General Ban Chao , who made Kuqa the administrative center of Chinese rule over the Tarim Basin. At the same time Ban Chao eliminated a puppet king appointed by the Xiongnu and replaced him with Bo Ba, the first known member of the Bo ( 帛 / 白 ) family, who ruled Kuqa until at least the 5th century. After repeated uprisings, Kuqa 91 and 126 had to submit to China again. Closer connections to the western Jin dynasty are recorded in the 3rd century, but ended around 300 when King Long Hui ( 龍 會 ) of Karashahr gained control of the Tarim Basin. After Kuqa regained its independence, it was destroyed in 382 by General Lü Guang ( 呂光 ) on orders from Fu Jian (357–385). 448 the Northern Wei Dynasty subjugated Kuqa and made it tributary. According to Chinese sources, Kucha became part of the Hephthalite Empire in the 5th century . But after Kuqa had allied itself with Karashahr against China, it was defeated and subjugated in 648. The Tang installed a garrison that same year as part of the " Four Garrisons of Anxi ". In the following period there was also a strong dependency on China, but the sources only allow a few details. It is believed that Kuqa became Muslim in the 11th century. In the 7th century, the Chinese traveler Xuanzang described Kuqa as a flourishing oasis with extensive agriculture and rich mineral deposits.
At the time of Tibetan rule, Kucha was considered to be somewhat autonomous. In the 9th century, Kucha became an important center in the Uighur kingdom of Qocho.
At the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered Buddhist cave temples in the vicinity of Kuqa, which have significant wall paintings inside. Tocharian documents were discovered in the ancient buildings from Kuqa .
administration
The district administers the following large municipalities and communities:
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Large municipalities (镇 zhèn):
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Parishes (乡 xiāng):
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Ethnic breakdown of the population of Kuqa County (2000)
The census in 2000 counted 388,593 inhabitants in the Kuqa district (population density 26.76 inhabitants / km²).
| Name of the people | Residents | proportion of |
|---|---|---|
| Uighurs | 342,440 | 88.12% |
| Han | 43,596 | 11.22% |
| Hui | 1,967 | 0.51% |
| Kyrgyz | 142 | 0.04% |
| Mongols | 74 | 0.02% |
| Kazakhs | 56 | 0.01% |
| Tujia | 54 | 0.01% |
| Manchu | 49 | 0.01% |
| Zhuang | 47 | 0.01% |
| Miao | 39 | 0.01% |
| Others | 129 | 0.04% |
literature
- Grünwedel, A .: Old Buddhist cult sites in Chinese Turkistan, report on archaeological work from 1906 to 1907 near Kucha, Qarašahr and in the Turfan oasis . Berlin, 1912.
- Albert Grünwedel: Old Kutscha: archaeological and religious historical research on tempera paintings from Buddhist caves from the first eight centuries after the birth of Christ. (Berlin, 1920).
Web links
- County government website (Chinese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Liu Mau-Tsai: Kutscha and its relations with China from the 2nd century. up to the 6th century In: Walther Heissig (Ed.): Asiatic research . tape 27 , no. 1 . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1969, p. 21, 35, 39 .
- ^ Hyun Jin Kim: The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-00906-6 , pp. 37 .
- ^ Christopher I. Beckwith: Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press, Princeton 2009, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2 , pp. 157 ff .
- ^ The paintings of Kutscha , Vossische Zeitung , January 6, 1921.
- ↑ centralasiatraveler.com: Xinjiang place names in alphabetical order ( memento of the original from November 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Coordinates: 41 ° 44 ' N , 82 ° 56' E