Macaronic poetry

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Macaronic language (from the Latin macaronicus , Italian macaronico , maccheronico ) in Early NHG also noodle verses (at Johann species nuttelverse called), is seal comical or burlesque style, mixing the order to achieve a comical or parodistical effect two languages, by the morphology and syntax that transfers one language, usually Latin or another language of social distinction , to the vocabulary of another language ( vernacular or dialect ).

history

Mixing of languages ​​of this kind is already encountered in the Middle Ages as a comic stylistic device, for example to characterize the expressions of scholars, lawyers and medical professionals, whereby their language from the perspective of Renaissance humanism is clumsy kitchen Latin , from the perspective of the vernacular, on the other hand, as stilted and deceptive An effort aimed at simpler people should appear to be the semblance of professionalism and erudition. In the Italian Renaissance , which introduced the term ( Tifi Odasi , † 1492 , Macharonea ), macaronic poetry was developed into a literary art form initially by authors from Padua and the surrounding area, and then from other regions in northern Italy. The main representative was the Benedictine Teofilo Folengo (1491–1544), who relexated a highly cultivated literary Latin with words from the Italian literary language and from its Venetian dialect as the basic language of his Opus macaronicum (1st version 1517, fourth and last published posthumously in 1552) .

The Italian representatives (especially Folengo) affected all of Europe. In Germany, Johann Fischart was one of the first, influenced by François Rabelais , to present smaller samples of macaronic "Nuttelverse". An outstanding work of German-Latin macaronic poetry, at the same time a masterpiece of an early modern parody of the genre of ancient epic, was the Floïa (roughly: “Flea hade, Flohepos”), which an unknown Low German author published in 1593 under the pseudonym Gripholdus Knickknackius and which was soon published in various Low and High German editions circulated.

The 16th and 17th centuries were the heyday of macaronic poetry. The majority of the macaronic texts originated in the German-speaking area, where German was combined not only with Latin, but also with French or in the Baltic States with Estonian ( Jacob Johann Malm , 1796–1862).

In the 19th century the tradition lived on, especially in the corruption of Latin in the student language . There are runners up to the present day, e.g. B. Harry C. Schnurs Carmen heroico-macaronicum (1969), a Latin-German wedding song. Recently, the borrowing of English words with German inflection ("a tough type", "having downloaded a file completely" or "downloaded") has been a rampant colloquial and (computer) technical language phenomenon, sometimes referred to as " Denglisch ". which is then also used for humorous or satirically exaggerated imitations.

Macaronic poetry can also be found in the popular poetry of China, especially in the epochs of foreign dynasties.

Text examples

Johann fish species:

Caseus vnd Schinckus they make optime trinkus
[Cheese and ham, they make you really thirsty]
Dan Vinum sour klinglitum turns into aure
[Then sour wine makes a ring in the ear]

From an anonymous Certamen studiosorum cum vigilibus nocturnis ("Dispute between the students and the night watchmen", 1689):

Bursa Studentorum cum tempore sinister noctis
Cum Cytharis Gigisque gaßatim Lauffen et Harpffis
Inque steinis hawen, thuot feir jump out from ipsis.
Non aliter rabidi Vigiles quam raging Welfi
Accurrunt celeres cum Prüglis, Penglis et Heblis,
Hisque Studiosos touched ilico verbis:
“Ite domum, Schelmi! sonuit jam zwelfen ab uris. "
As a student fraternity in the dark hours of the night
walking through the streets with guitars, violins and harps
and (with the sword) cut into the stones, fire leaps from them.
Furious night watchmen, no different from raging wolves,
hurry to come with beating, urchins and levers (i.e. blow weapons),
and with these they touch the students at once, using the following words:
“Go home, rascal! It was already striking twelve o'clock. "

Macaronic in the broader sense

Not actually macaronic in type, but only in a broader sense, is a mixture of languages ​​that embeds words or phrases from one or more foreign languages ​​without at the same time adapting their morphology and syntax to the target or base language.

As at Large 'macaronic "can also be in the prose of oratory style of Martin Luther describe how he comes especially in the transcripts of his Table Talk expressed in which he suddenly, often back and in mid-sentence, between German and Latin and alternates , which can be seen here as an expression of (oral) bilingualism in less elaborate, spontaneous language.

Text examples for macaroni in a broader sense

The well-known Christmas carol In dulci jubilo mixes German with embedded Latin phrases and rhymes them with one another:

In dulci jubilo [In sweet-sounding cheers]
now sing and be happy!
The delight of our hearts
lead in praesepio [in the crib]
and shines as the sun
matris in gremio [on mother's lap]
Alpha es et O [You are Alpha and Omega ]

From a German-Czech folk song:

On the green meadow
sedi zajunc
and with his eyes
pohližajunc.
Kdybych take Augy měl,
co by ja tež pohližel,
like the zajunc.
On the green meadow
sits a hare
and with his eyes
he looks.
If I had such eyes
I would look like that too
like the rabbit.

From a Croatian-German folk song from Burgenland:

Povi mi, Rožica,
who liked hot dos,
da ne morem zaspat
die gonze love Nocht?
A kad mrvu zaspim,
so it tramples from you,
a kad se prebudim,
you're not with me
Tell me, little rose
who did that
I can't fall asleep
the whole, dear night?
And when I fall asleep a little
I'll dream of you right away
and when i wake up
you're not with me like that.

See also

expenditure

  • Floia, Cortum versicale de Flois schwartibus, illis deiriculis, quae omnes fere Minschos, Mannos, Vveibras, Iungfras, & c. behùppere, & spitzibus suis schnaflis steckere & bitere solent. Avthore. Gripholdo Knickknackio ex Floilandia. Anno 1593. In: Hedwig Heger (Ed.): Late Middle Ages, Humanism, Reformation. Texts and testimonials , 2nd volume: the heyday of humanism and the Reformation (= German literature, texts and testimonies , 2). CH Beck, Munich 1978, pp. 491-497
  • Dr. Sabellicus [d. i. Eduard Wilhelm Sabell]: Floïa. Cortum versicale de Flohis. Auctore Griffholdo Knickknackio de Floïlandia. A macaronic poem from 1593. Revised according to the oldest editions, with a new translation, a literary-historical introduction along with a bibliography, linguistic notes and variants, as well as a macaronic appendix and reissued ... Henninger, Heilbronn 1879
  • Fausta Garavini, Lucia Lazzerini (Ed.): Macaronee provenzali. Ricciardi, Milano / Napoli 1984 (critical edition)
  • Ivano Pacagnella (ed.): Le macaronee padovane: Tradizione e lingua (= Medioevo e umanesimo , vol. 36). Antenore, Padua 1979 (critical edition)
  • Martin Gimm (Ed.): Shengguan tu ("Table of the civil servant's career"), a macaronic folk ballad from the middle Qing period . In: Oriens Extremus 44, 2003/4, pp. 211-252 ( online )

literature

  • Walter Berschin : kitchen Latin, pedantic and macaronic poetry. On language satire and language criticism in the age of humanism . Berschin, Freiburg, 1972.
  • Jürgen Dahl : Maccaronisches Poetikum, or Nachtwächteri veniunt cum Spießibus atque Laternis. Langewiesche-Brandt Verlag, Ebenhausen (near Munich) 1962 (documented collection of examples of German macaronic poetry; there pp. 77–91 on English and American macaronic poetry).
  • Josef Eberle : Latin Carneval. About Macaronian poetry. In: Josef Eberle: Latin Nights , Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1966, pp. 250–257.
  • Gerhard Grümmer : Macaronic poetry. In: Game forms of poetry . 2nd Edition. VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig, 1988, pp. 220-223.
  • Hermann Wiegand : Macaronic poetry . In: Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft , Volume 2, Berlin / New York 2000, Sp. 527-530.
  • Dirk Sacré : Macaronic Poetry . In: Der Neue Pauly 15/1, 2001, Sp. 281–285.
  • Frank Oborski: The Christmas story as a macaron school stage play. In: Der Altsprachliche Studium 49 (2006), Heft 6, pp. 48–53.

Web links

Wiktionary: macaronic poetry  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Floia, Cortum versicale de Flois schwartibus, illis deiriculis, quae omnes fere Minschos, Mannos, Vveibras, Iungfras, & c. behùppere, & spitzibus suis schnaflis steckere & bitere solent. Avthore. Gripholdo Knickknackio ex Floilandia. Anno 1593. In: Hedwig Heger (Ed.): Late Middle Ages, Humanism, Reformation. Texts and testimonials , 2nd volume: The heyday of humanism and the Reformation , CH Beck, Munich 1978 (= (Die deutsche Literatur, Texte and testimonies, 2), pp. 491–497
  2. ↑ On the High German arrangements see Jürgen Dahl, Maccaronisches Poetikum (1962), pp. 34–45
  3. ↑ Maie Kalda: German-Estonian macaronic poetry. In: Michael Garleff (Ed.), Literary Relations between Baltic Germans, Estonians and Latvians: Twelve Contributions to the 7th Baltic Seminar , Carl Schirren Society, Lüneburg 2007 (= series of publications Baltic Seminars, 5), ISBN 3-923149-39-5
  4. ↑ Quoted from Carl Blümlein, Die Floia and other German Maccaronian poems (1900), p. 17, who writes "Schunckus", where the meaning and inner rhyme "Schinckus" suggest
  5. ↑ Quoted from Wilhelm Wackernagel , Geschichte des Deutschen Hexameters and Pentameters bis auf Klopstock , in: ders., Kleinere Schriften , Volume II, S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1873, pp. 1-68, p. 40
  6. ↑ Quoted from Carl Blümlein, Die Floia and other German Maccaronic poems (1900), pp. 64–67, p. 65
  7. ↑ Text and translation according to Bernhard Beller: Böhmen und mähr ... - On the school competition 2004/2005: “The Germans and their Eastern Neighbors” , 1. The German Ostsiedlung in Bohemia and Moravia ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2004 on the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.km.bayern.de
  8. ↑ Povi mi, Rozica. (PDF, 19 kB) In: Liedarchiv. Klingende Brücke , January 28, 2015, accessed on December 17, 2018 (Croatian, German).