Watershed management
The management of water catchment areas deals with the administration, investigation, analysis, diagnosis and execution of multidisciplinary measures within a catchment area of a body of water bounded by natural watersheds .
Integrated Watershed Management, the optimal management of natural resources ( water , agriculture , forestry, nature conservation, urban planning , infrastructure , regional planning and development) is only possible through integral water catchment management. H. that the collaborating experts from all sectors, including sociologists and economists, should work together within a catchment area and coordinate for an efficient joint management and processing of the catchment area. The natural resources must be measured; (Land use systems, vegetation cover, slope inclination, amount and intensity of precipitation), calculated (e.g. potential and actual soil loss, surface runoff, infiltration, dynamics of land use change, silt producing areas), analyzed and mapped, problems have to be identified and analyzed and environmental impacts determined and information is exchanged. Then connections can be explained and the corresponding actions can be initiated. This not only applies to natural resources, it also requires intensive social and economic studies. The various interest groups must be identified, brought together and harmonized, also groups that exert an active influence on natural resources, such as farmers, landowners (very few of them are farmers), entrepreneurs, government institutions, multidisciplinary experts and research institutes that have direct or indirect influence on Change of land use and ultimately also the entire public, who are represented by the state institutions. This also and especially applies to the question of the “why” of rural regions, or environmental problems of increasing urbanization and sealing of metropolitan areas , with the corresponding influence on climate change .
History in Germany
In 1972 the Ministry for Environmental Protection and Water Management of the GDR (MUW) was formed, in which the water management departments were founded in 1976 , which were organized centrally and according to river catchment areas and were independent of the GDR government districts. This process was necessary in order to improve the efficiency of the management of natural resources, above all only the water management. Thus, among other things, the WWD (IV) Saale / Werra with its headquarters in Halle was created, which administered the parts of the Saale, Werra and the smaller bodies of water flowing to the Main / Rhine in the south of what was then the Suhl district, but only in Area of water management. After reunification in 1990, this idea of at least aligning water management concerns with natural water catchment areas was discarded instead of reorganizing these water management departments, which were efficiently structured according to catchment areas, and expanding them to the entire federal territory. With the re-establishment of the federal states, all water management issues were postponed. The same applies to the once area-wide amelioration system , which was also oriented towards political boundaries, but operated across the board. In the case of the amelioration combines and cooperatives, it was inadequate that they only focused on irrigation and drainage systems and the construction of agricultural roads, but underestimated long-term soil protection and the diverse interactions between agriculture and ecological diversity and the approach was adopted "by the West". The new federal states were given sovereignty over all natural resources , including water management; the land improvement system (land improvement) was completely abolished instead of improving and enriching these systems; a system of water and soil associations adopted by the FRG was introduced, which represented the interest group of landowners (very few landowners are farmers), but excluded all other interest groups, and is also not spot-covering. Most of these associations work in the field of irrigation and drainage of agricultural areas, but also with river regulation, dyke construction and general flood protection. They are not subject to public registration and work autonomously, but are regulated by the Water Association Act . Due to the small number of areas, their presence is only significant in the regions on the coasts of northern Germany affected by floods.
This dismantling of existing infrastructure has a negative effect. B. on the catchment areas of the helmets , which now forms a border area of three federal states. Due to the political fragmentation, the establishment of new borders in the middle of Germany, this once economically strong region has now become a region that lacks an important support in soil protection: important reservoirs such as the multifunctional Kelbra dam are filled with silt, and an urgent integral water catchment management system artificially appears impossible there thanks to the political fragmentation that has been generated.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cadenas LL, Fernandéz T., Gómez M, Segura G., Almansa L., Alonso F., Baratech T., Bartolomé N., Cocero A., Delgado S., Del Pozo M., González R., Montalvo M ., Nicolás R., Rabade B., Tejera G., Torrento P., Tourné W., 1994 ;: Restauración Hidrológica Forestal de Cuencas y Control de Erosión . Ed .: TRAGSA, TRAGSATEC. ed. Mundi Prensa, Madrid, España 1992.
- ↑ Grambov. Martin: Wassermanagement: Integrated water resource management from theory to implementation . Springer Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8348-9435-9 .
- ↑ .
- ↑ David Ellison et al. a .: Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world . In: Global Environmental Change . tape 43 , March 1, 2017, p. 51–61 , doi : 10.1016 / j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002 .
- ↑ (various): Climate change in Germany . Ed .: Brasseur, Jacob, Schuck-Zöller. Springer, ISBN 978-3-662-50397-3 .
- ^ H. van der Wall, RA Kraemer: The water management in the GDR . FFU rep 91-1. Environmental Policy Research Center; FFU Berlin, 1991 ( hgn-beratung.de [PDF; accessed April 19, 2020]).
- ↑ Monsees, 2004: The German Water and Soil Associations-Self -Governance for Small and Medium Scale Water and Land Ressources Management; 10/2004 . In: TU Berlin Institute for landscape and Environmental Planning (Ed.): Working Paper on Management in Environmental Planning 10/2004, Zeitschrift für Irrigation Management; Journal of Applied Irrigation Science . Vol. 39, No. 1 . Berlin 2004.