Maria von Linden

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Maria Anna Wilhelmine Luise Karoline Elise Kamilla Olga Amalie Pauline Countess von Linden (born July 18, 1869 in Burgberg Castle , Heidenheim district ; † August 26, 1936 in Schaan , Liechtenstein ) was a German zoologist and parasitologist . In 1910 she was the first woman in Germany to receive the title of professor at the University of Bonn .

Countess Maria von Linden based on a photo taken by court photographer Hornung in Tübingen
Burgberg Castle
Maria von Linden
Maria von Linden with colleagues in front of the maceration room of the Zoological Institute in Tübingen

Life

Maria von Linden came from the noble family Linden . She was the daughter of Count Edmund von Linden and his wife Eugenie, geb. Baron Hiller von Gärtringen. From the age of six she received private lessons from the village school teacher, and from the age of eight she also received religious instruction from the local pastor. In 1883 the Comtesse entered the renowned "Victoria Boarding School" and the associated daughter school in Karlsruhe. Self-taught, she supplemented her knowledge, especially in mathematics and Latin. After further private studies and participation in the lessons of the senior class, Linden passed the Abitur at the Stuttgart Realgymnasium (today the Dillmann-Gymnasium ) as an external and first woman from Württemberg . She was admitted to the Abitur examination with the help of her great-uncle, the temporary Württemberg Minister of the Interior and Foreign Affairs, Josef Freiherr von Linden . He also helped her to obtain a special permit from King Wilhelm II of Württemberg , with which she was allowed to start studying natural sciences at the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen in 1892 . She was the first student at this university and in Württemberg. However, she was never fully enrolled, but only received permission to attend events as a guest auditor and, if successful, the prospect of receiving a doctorate. At the beginning of her studies she was received personally by the university's chancellor ( Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker ) and dismissed with the advice that she should go to bed every evening at ten o'clock and “You must do us an honor!”. She attended events with Lothar Meyer and Theodor Eimer . Her participation in courses was sometimes perceived as humorous. In connection with the origin of human life, Eimer said in a lecture: “Isn't it, Gräfle, man is made of dirt?”, Which she replied with “Yes, Professor, but only the man”.

At the University of Tübingen she was also the first woman in Germany to receive the title Scientiae Naturalis Doctor in 1895 . She had chosen zoology as her major and physics and botany as minor. The topic of her dissertation was: The development of the drawing and the sculpture of the shell snails of the sea . She then did research as Eimer's assistant until she accepted a position at the University of Bonn in 1899, initially at the Zoological and Comparative Anatomical Institute of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and from 1906 at the Anatomical Institute of the Medical Faculty. From 1908 head of the new parasitology department at the Hygiene Institute of the University of Bonn under the direction of Dittmar Finkler , she was primarily looking for ways to combat tuberculosis. She discovered the antiseptic effect of copper, which was then used by the Paul Hartmann company in Heidenheim to manufacture sterile bandages and sutures.

Although von Linden was appointed " titular professor " because of her achievements , the Prussian minister of culture denied her application for a habilitation and the right to teach, and women were generally denied the right to do a habilitation.

The countess was a staunch opponent of National Socialism, which, according to Vladimir Lindenberg's notes, she recognized as a great danger as early as 1923. In 1933 she was forced to retire. She supported the family of the Jewish physicist Heinrich Hertz , in whose house she had lived in Bonn for 34 years. In 1935 she tried to find an opportunity to emigrate for them. Linden herself emigrated to Liechtenstein, where she continued to work scientifically, especially in the field of cancer research.

She died on August 26, 1936 in Schaan of complications from pneumonia.

Honors

In 1900 she was awarded the Da Gamo Machado Prize by the French Academy of Sciences , and in 1908 she was entrusted with the reorganization of the Parasitological Institute at the University of Bonn as head of department. On November 30, 1902 ( matriculation number 3156 ) she was elected a member of the Leopoldina .

In 1999, the branch of the Hermann-Hesse- Gymnasium in Calw-Stammheim was named after her, the current Maria-von-Linden-Gymnasium . In 2006 a new program to promote women was developed at the University of Bonn and has been named after her ever since. In 2017, the class of the human medicine course from the 2017/2018 winter semester at the Medical Faculty of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn was named after her. The Association of Baden-Württemberg Women Scientists awards a prize named after her.

In Tübingen, a street and a bus stop at the Max Planck Institutes ( map ) were named after her in 2018 .

Fonts

  • The evolution of the drawing and sculpture of sea snails. Engelmann, Leipzig 1896, also dissertation.
  • The colors of butterflies and their causes. 1900 (Da Gama Machado Prize of the French Academy of Sciences ).
  • The assimilation activity in butterfly pupae. Veit, Leipzig 1912.
  • Parasitism in the Animal Kingdom. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1915.
  • Experiences of copper treatment in experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs and in the various forms of tuberculosis in humans. The previous results of copper treatment in nematode diseases with special consideration of experimental trichonosis. Schoetz, Berlin 1917, digitized ( DjVu format).

literature

  • Maria von Linden: Maria Countess von Linden. Memories of the first female student in Tübingen . (Ed.) Gabriele Junginger. Tübingen, 1991. (2nd extended edition 1998) (autobiography)
  • Ulrike Just: "She will not become a full man and is no longer a real woman". Maria Countess of Linden. The first female student in Tübingen and the first female professor in Bonn. In: Women in History and Society. Volume 22. Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, Herbolzheim 1992, pp. 87-92, ISSN  0933-0313 .
  • Susanne Flecken: Maria Countess von Linden (1869–1936), in: Annette Kuhn [u. a.] (Ed.): 100 years of women's studies. Women of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn 1996, pp. 125–157, ISBN 3-931782-11-5 .
  • Susanne Flecken: Maria Countess von Linden. Scientist at the University of Bonn from 1899 to 1933. In: Barriers and Careers. Trafo Verlag Weist, Berlin 2000, pp. 253-269.
  • Gabriele Junginger: Maria Countess von Linden. Memories of the first female student in Tübingen. Attempto-Verlag, Tübingen 1991.
  • Great women in world history. Neuer Kaiser Verlag, 1987, p. 298.
  • Wladimir Lindenberg: Bobik in a foreign country. Munich / Basel 1994; Pp. 326–328, (personal memories).
  • Corinna Schneider: A passionate researcher: Countess Maria von Linden; first student in the Kingdom of Württemberg , in: Hin und weg. - Tübingen, 2007. - pp. -109, ISBN 978-3-910090-77-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Freiherr von Linden: Genealogical manual of the nobility . In: Baronial houses . 68 of the entire series. CA Starke, Limburg / Lahn 1978, p. 201 .
  2. ^ Walter Bruchhausen: Scientific and technical progress and fear of decline: Medical faculty and university clinics 1870-1933 . In: Thomas Becker, Philip Rosin (Hrsg.): The natural and life sciences = history of the University of Bonn . tape 4 . V&R unipress / Bonn University Press, Göttingen 2018, p. 40-79 .
  3. ↑ a b Flecken 1996, p. 124
  4. ↑ Member entry by Prof. Dr. Maria Countess von Linden (with picture) at the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , accessed on February 10, 2016.
  5. ↑ https://www.gleichstellung.uni-bonn.de/foerderung/maria-von-linden-foerderprogramm
  6. ↑ https://www.vorklinik.uni-bonn.de/humanmedizin
  7. ↑ José Joaquim da Gama Machado (1775-1861)
personal data
SURNAME Linden, Maria von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Linden-Aspermont, Maria Countess von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German zoologist, parasitologist and bacteriologist; one of the first German professors
DATE OF BIRTH July 18, 1869
PLACE OF BIRTH Burgberg Castle , Heidenheim district
DATE OF DEATH August 26, 1936
Place of death Schaan , Liechtenstein