Market sack pipe
The term market bagpipe describes a very loud sounding, hand-blown bagpipe with a conically drilled chanter and one to three drones . This designation is generally traced back to the fact that the noisy bagpipe is used in medieval markets, although it was originally developed for ordinary folk festivals in the GDR and appeared there for the first time. The design with two drones is the most common. The conically drilled chanter usually has seven front finger holes and one back hole for the left thumb; the fingering of the chanter is normally open, with the open fingerings providing the notes of a Doric scale on the root note A. With many market bagpipes, there is also the option of tuning the drone one note lower in order to be able to play in G. The forked handles for generating tones that are not related to the ladder work well or hardly at all, depending on the instrument, but the forked handle for generating the minor minor sixth (f '' on the root A) is considered the standard by almost all manufacturers. The chanter is equipped with a double reed , the drones are equipped with single reeds . Both the chanter and the drone are usually provided with large bells , which are usually close to an exponential funnel.
History of origin
Optical models for the market sack pipe can be found in images of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (e.g. Dürer ). In terms of construction, however, the instrument is a new development by Klaus Stecker and Roman Streisand in the early 1980s. The first reconstructions of medieval German bagpipes were made in West Germany as early as the 1970s, based on medieval images and the recorder tunings F and C. The open recorder fingering has been preserved, only the tuning increased by a whole tone. Roman Streisand wanted to have instruments available for his group's outdoor performances that had at least the volume of the Great Highland Bagpipe . Therefore, the chanter was built with a steep cone and bell like the Breton bombard . Originally, efforts were made to be true to the iconographic original with regard to the appearance, so that to this day some market bagpipes have a relatively authentic design with octave and fifth drones in a forked double wooden stick. The physical relationship to the Great Highland Bagpipe is shown in the fact that a GHB can be transformed into an instrument that is very similar in sound to the market bagpipe with some reversible modifications. By raising the chanter reed and partially masking a few finger holes, the scale of the chanter of a market bagpipe is obtained. By reducing the cross-section of a "tenor drone", it no longer sounds on the octave, but on the fifth to the fundamental.
Compared to historical bagpipes
There are several original chanter from the late Middle Ages , which are currently known to archaeologists and musicologists. The most important of these is the so-called Rostock chanter , which is dated to the early 15th century. The design of the pipe allows the conclusion that it was very likely that it was actually used in a bagpipe, which has also been proven by iconographic sources (see picture on the right). Reconstruction attempts by Alexander Remdes and Horst Grimm (see Gehler 2004) have shown that this slightly conically drilled chanter has a chromatic tone scale between the fundamental a-flat 'and f' 'and has a small sub-second as the leading tone. The a 'of the chanter is at 466 Hz, which means that from the original manufacturer's point of view, the as is' a g'.
The reconstruction attempt by bagpipe maker Thomas Rezanka based on his own research also shows that the Rostock chanter tends to use the minor and Dorian keys due to its design and has a tone series that is very similar to the market bagpipe. Thus, the orientation of the market bagpipe to the Doric scale and the key G has a well-founded historical justification. The "Magdeburg bagpipe" described by Michael Praetorius and the Iain-Dall-chanter are further historical bagpipes whose tone series could theoretically serve as a model for the market bagpipe. These circumstances make it clear that the market bagpipe is a kind of neo-historical instrument, a new development which is purely functionally designed to reproduce historical music taking into account the musical taste of the modern general public.
Mood and tone supply
The range of the chanter is a major ninth starting with the tone g 1 , whereby - due to the length of the length and the reeds used - only a few instruments can be overblown in a musically useful way. With single-drone instruments, the drone is tuned to note A. With two-bordoon instruments, the most common tuning is A + e 0 . The mood A + a 0 is rare. With three-tiered instruments the tuning is A + e 0 + a 0 , less often A + a 0 + a 1 . The tone supply of an openly fingered, purely tuned market bag pipe using the German recorder fingering (the deviation from the equal tuning is shown in the right column):
| volume | cent |
| G' | -4 |
| a | 0 |
| H' | +4 |
| c " | +16 |
| d " | -2 |
| e " | +2 |
| f sharp " | -16 |
| G" | -4 |
| a " | 0 |
Depending on the manufacturer and the reed, different semitones can be created, whereby most manufacturers have developed a satisfactory solution for c sharp "in the form of fork handles or a second thumb hole:
| volume | cent |
| cis " | -14 |
| dis " | -10 |
| f " | +14 |
| g sharp " | -12 |
The chanter is usually tuned to a fifth or equal temperament in order to create a smooth interaction with other instruments, which is not always the case with the often used pure tuning. In practice, voice wax and adhesive or insulating tape are used to reversibly change the diameter of the tone holes and thus to set tones deeper. This means that both the equal and Pythagorean and the pure tuning are available. In a purely tuned chanter z. B. h ', c "and e" are lowered in order to do justice to the G drone; Such a procedure is not necessary if the chanter is tuned equally.
Available tones
As with all bagpipes, the key is determined by the drone. The basic sound supply of the market bagpipe results in an A-Doric scale, with a functioning F "fork grip there is also A-minor available. If a C sharp" solution is available, A Mixolydian is added and a G sharp "brings the possibility together with C sharp" To play pieces in A major, which greatly expands the playable repertoire. Overall - if all semitones mentioned in the previous section are available - the following keys used in western historical and modern music result:
- ACDEG (pentatonic)
- a major
- A minor
- a-Doric
- a-Mixolydian
- a-Lydian
There are also parts of D major, D minor and E minor which are compatible with the A drone. The following are available for the G-drone:
- GAHDE (pentatonic)
- G major
- g-Mixolydian
- g-Lydian
There are also parts of C major, C Doric, C minor and C Mixolydian. This means that at least theoretically 10 complete keys including pentatonic scales are available, provided that semitones are available and can be tuned. In practice, c sharp ", f" and g sharp "are available from most manufacturers today, so that the market sack pipe can usually play four keys with the standard A drone: A Doric, A minor, A major and a-Mixolydian.
variants
In addition to the mood mentioned above ( in italics in the table ), there are also market bagpipes in other moods.
| Mood | Chanter, lowest note - fundamental note | Bordun (e), most common variant |
|---|---|---|
| high-A | g 2 - a 2 | a 0 |
| high-G | f 2 - g 2 | g 0 |
| high-E | d 2 - e 2 | e 0 |
| high-D | c 2 - d 2 | d 0 |
| A / standard | g 1 - a 1 | A + e 0 |
| G | f 1 - g 1 | G + d 0 |
| depth | d 1 - e 1 | E. |
| deep-D | c 1 - d 1 | D + A |
| deep-A | g 0 - a 0 | A 1 + A |
The instruments with chanter on the basic notes A and E are mostly played together with market sack pipes in standard tuning. The instruments with chanter on the basic notes G and D are played alone or together with woodwind instruments in c / f tuning . Instruments with a chanter on the keynote D can also be played together with instruments with a chanter on the keynote G or A.
Popular reception
In the course of its short history, the market sack pipe has been given some loving or derogatory terms, depending on use.
German bagpipe : The design of the first manufacturers is very much based on contemporary illustrations. This name is mainly used abroad for the shepherd's pipe and the Hümmelchen . A-pig : This name refers to the basic key A of the standard tuning, which can lead to problems in conjunction with other woodwind instruments, which are usually in c / f tuning. For this reason, bagpipe makers, who also build market bagpipes, now offer shawms and rauschpfeifen , which also start on the lowest note G and, when opened, produce the tone supply of a Doric scale on the root note A. Alternative explanation: In medieval market jargon, an allusion to the A-word (authentic, authenticity), which often does not apply to these bagpipes.
Osthupe - refers to the fact that the instrument appeared more and more for the first time in the territory of the former GDR.
Medieval horn - has become common among players of other types of bagpipes , parallel to the eastern horn .
Macho sack - refers to some purely male music groups who play the market sack pipe and consciously present themselves rough to brutal during their performances.
Krachtüte - refers to the fact that market sacks are usually very noisy.
In the meantime the instrument has arrived in the 21st century and is used quite naturally by many fantasy and medieval bands. It still has a strong symbolic value: masculine, unspoilt, barbaric, powerful, etc. Bagpipe makers in particular in the GDR initially pushed the development forward, and now market bagpipes are being manufactured throughout Central Europe.
Exercise instruments
Because of its enormous volume, the market bag pipe is not suitable for making music in smaller rooms. A recorder with an open fingering (“German fingering”) is often used as a practice instrument to learn the fingering and later also to practice new pieces . In terms of the distance between the finger holes, an alto recorder in F comes closest to the chanter of a market sack pipe in standard tuning, but a soprano recorder in C is more often used because it is cheaper or available in many households anyway. Hümmelchen , whose chanter is played with an open fingering, are now also available as practice instruments or as a substitute for performances in smaller rooms . Depending on the manufacturer, these Hümmelchen are visually similar to market sackpipes. Recently there are also practice whistles based on the Scottish Practice Chanter .
See also
literature
- Merit Zloch: Remnants of past worlds of sound - archaeological finds of musical instruments. In: Archeology under the pavement. Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. No. 39, Schwerin 2005
- Ralf Gehler : Two bag pipe fragments as archaeological evidence of northern German music culture. In: Studies in Music Archeology V. Music Archeology in Context. Archaeological findings, historical connections, socio-cultural relationships. Lectures of the 4th symposium of the International Study Group Music Archeology in the Michaelstein Monastery, 19. – 26. September 2004
- Ralf Gehler: Reinventing the bicycle . Bagpipes and bagpipes In: People's song and father state. The GDR folk scene 1976–1990. Ch. Links Verlag 2016.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Interview with Roman Streisand , accessed on February 8, 2015.
- ↑ Bagpipes in Medieval Manuscripts - a collection of medieval illustrations of bagpipes
- ↑ Drawing of the Rostock chanter by Merit Zloch
- ↑ Data sheet of the Rostock chanter by Merit Zloch
- ↑ Ralf Gehler: Two bagpipe fragments as archaeological evidence of northern German music culture. In: Studies in Music Archeology V. Music Archeology in Context. Archaeological findings, historical connections, socio-cultural relationships. Lectures of the 4th symposium of the International Study Group Music Archeology in the Michaelstein Monastery, 19. – 26. September 2004, pp. 41-48
- ↑ [1] Thomas Rezanka: Chanterellefund Rostock (accessed on February 28, 2017)
- ↑ Medieval Bagpipes - The Rostock Bagpipe , accessed on February 8, 2015.
- ↑ [2] Praetorius' Syntagma Musicum (accessed on February 28, 2017)
- ^ [3] "Early chanter a challenge to copy" in Piping Today, No. 21 2006 (accessed February 28, 2017)
- ^ Klaus plug, medieval bagpipes G / a
- ↑ Arno Eckhardt, Marktsackpfeife in A ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jens Güntzel, Large Medieval Bagpipe (GMS)
