Marlowe theory
The Marlowe theory assumes that the genius playwright Christopher Marlowe, who was mortally threatened in May 1593, faked his death, lived on permanently in anonymity and wrote under numerous pseudonyms, including William Shakespeare . The pseudonym Shakespeare was chosen in 1593 because a real straw man William Shakspere from Stratford was willing to mask Marlowe "in person" in order to increase his security.
Basic assumptions of the theory
Thesis 1
The first basic assumption (thesis 1) of the theory is the well-founded doubt that William Shakespeare from Stratford could have been identical with the poet and writer William Shakespeare .
Thesis 2
The second basic assumption (thesis 2) of the theory is that, contrary to historical sources, Christopher Marlowe “did not die” on May 30, 1593 , but his life, which was most threatened at the supposed time of death, was saved by a simulated death including a change of identity and name.
Thesis 3
The third assumption that can be derived from thesis 2 (thesis 3) is that Marlowe "permanently gave up identity and name" in order to write under many pseudonyms including William Shakespeare in his "second" life. Assuming that Marlowe also wrote under the pseudonym "Shakespeare", a large part of the implausibilities of the authorship debate that still exist today can be eliminated.
History of the Marlowe Theory
- In 1819/20 the theory was proposed in two anonymous publications in the Monthly Review that Christopher Marlowe was a pseudonym (" nom de guerre ") for Shakespeare. The anonymous author was later identified as a certain William Taylor from Norwich.
- In 1895, Wilbur Gleason Zeigler suspected that Shakespeare's works must have come from Marlowe.
- In 1920, Henry Watterson wrote in the New York Times (July 18) about his belief that Marlowe must have been Shakespeare.
- In 1923 Archie Webster suggested in an essay based on a detailed analysis of the sonnets that Marlowe must be the true author of Shakespeare's works. Webster at the time was unaware of Hotson's seminal discovery of Marlowe's death.
- It was not until 1925 that Leslie Hotson discovered in the British state archives the Coroners Report by William Danby from 1593, which revised the centuries-old cause of Marlowe's death (“ tavern fight ” ... killed in a drunken fight etc.).
- In 1952 it was Roderick L. Eagle who took the circumstances of Marlowe's death as an opportunity to speculate about a faked death.
- In 1955, Calvin Hoffman published what is probably the most influential monograph on the Marlowe theory . One of the main arguments was the comparative text analysis and presentation of text parallelisms between Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.
- In 1994, the scientist AD Wraight developed the Marlowe theory further in her books In Search of Christopher Marlowe (together with Virginia Stern) and The Story that the Sonnets Tell, particularly on the basis of a sonnet analysis . Since then, various authors have dealt with the Marlowe theory.
- In 2001, Michael Rubbo, an Australian documentary filmmaker, made a television film in which he portrayed the pros and cons of the Marlowe theory .
- In 2008 two new monographs on the Marlowe-Shakespeare theory by Samuel L. Blumenfeld were published. and Daryl Pinksen
- In 2011, the Terra X series (ZDF) published the documentary Das Shakespeare-Rätsel (Atlantis Film, directed by Eike Schmitz), which depicts the Marlowe theory.
- In 2020 a monograph on the stylometric differences between Marlowe and Shakespeare was published by Hartmut Ilsemann Phantom Marlowe: Paradigm Shift in the Authorship of the English Renaissance Drama . Düren: Shaker, 2020.
Marlowe's death
Contrary to the theory that Marlowe's death was faked, the fact that sixteen “jurors” were present at the Coroner's Inquest and that there is a consistent lack of direct evidence of Marlowe's survival beyond 1593 speaks against the theory . At the same time, Shakespeare researchers argue that the style of the works and Marlowe's worldview are too different from Shakespeare's, so that all the evidence points more to Shakespeare than the true author. All of this means that the Marlowe theory is mostly viewed by Shakespeare researchers as a " conspiracy theory ".
The study ( " The Inquest ")
According to the sources on Marlowe's death, discovered by Leslie Hotson in 1925 , Marlowe died as a result of a knife stab wound above the right eye inflicted on Marlowe by Ingram Frizer after dinner on May 30, 1593. Together with two other men, the Courier of the Privy Councilor Robert Poley and Nicholas Skeres , they had spent the day together in the house of the widow Eleanor Bull, Lord Burghley's cousin . Two days later, on June 1, 1593, the judicial investigation was carried out by Queen Elizabeth I's coroner and examining magistrate , the Coroner to The Queen's Household William Danby. The Commission of Inquiry ( The Jury ) came to the conclusion that the killing was carried out in self-defense. The body of Christopher Marlowe, the famous gracer of tragedians , as Robert Greene called him, was buried in an unmarked grave in the churchyard of St. Nicholas, Deptford, on June 1, 1593. Queen Elizabeth I granted the murderer Frizer an absolute pardon just four weeks later, a remarkably short time interval after a capital crime committed within the Queen's twelve-mile zone ( within the verge ).
Regarding the recently published books or articles about Marlowe's death, the observation that most authors assume that the investigation report was a "fabrication" and that the witnesses were probably not telling the truth seems significant. Scientists usually assume that there were hired killers at work and that there was no self-defense. Supporters of the Marlowe Theory go a step further, arguing that if Frizer , Poley and Skeres could have lied about the events, they might as well have lied about the identity of the corpse itself. In other words, even if they claimed it was Marlowe's body, as far as is known to date, they were the only ones who were able to identify Marlowe (or the body of another person that the jury had to examine). Various commentators found the details of the killing to be unconvincing. There is no reason to question the honesty of the jury on Marlowe's Coroner's Inquest , and so the testimony was apparently plausible enough to satisfy the jury. Instead of asking "Why was Marlowe killed?", The Marlowe theory rephrases the question: "What was the purpose of the Deptford meeting?"
background
There is no doubt that at the time of his death, Christopher Marlowe was in deepest trouble; H. Threat of death. Massive charges against him of persuading others to atheism had reached the Privy Council and he was undoubtedly suspected - true or false - of having written an atheist book for subversive purposes. At that time, such crimes were inevitably subject to trial and execution. In the previous two months, at least three people ( Henry Barrowe and John Greenwood on April 6, 1593, and John Penry on May 29, 1593) had been hanged for crimes no worse than the charges against Marlowe.
The witnesses
Marlowe's close friends included Thomas Walsingham, son of the cousin of the Queen's Chief Intelligence Officer, Sir Francis Walsingham . Another Thomas had worked on his intelligence network of agents and spies.
Marlowe appears to have worked within the newsroom as well and at the time of his death was in the service of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and his son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury . P. Honan wrote: “ One may infer that (they) were inconvenienced by Marlowe's death. It is therefore important for supporters of the Marlowe Theory that everyone involved in the murder case in some way with Marlowe's friend Thomas Walsingham ( Ingram Frizer and Nicholas Skeres) or with his employers, the Cecils ( Robert Poley , Eleonora Bull and William Danby ), were related.
The most likely reason for the gathering - they argue - must have been to somehow save Marlowe from the death penalty. The killing alone would not have been enough, but with a fabricated corpse, feigning death seems the only scenario that reconciles all known facts. The fact that Poley, Frizer and Skeres earned their livelihood by being able to convincingly lie “for professional reasons” must also be relevant. Was faked his death (subject to exile) as a compromise between those who wanted his death redeemed, like John Whitgift , Archbishop of Canterbury, and those who wanted him alive but silenced like the Cecils, for example William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley ?
The coroner and coroner (" The Coroner ")
The assumption that persons in the highest offices were involved in Marlowe's death was increasingly discussed in recent times due to the discovery that the investigation (" The inquest ") was indeed illegal at the time. According to the law of the time, the investigation, including the coroner, should have been carried out by the local county coroner , jointly with the Queen's coroner , whom the county coroner had to call in as soon as the crime occurred within the twelve-mile zone ( Tudor miles ) in the presence of the queen ( ie that it was "within the verge" ). Supporters of the Marlowe theory therefore argue that it was the only possibility for William Danby to carry out the plan, since it was just within the verge of the Queen and William Danby had already informed William Danby of a planned "killing" and thus at the right time " on site ”was. If it was a deception, William Danby must have been heavily involved in it and also known the queen's consent to silence.
The corpse (" The Body ")
If death is faked, a corpse must exist. It was probably DL More who first identified the most likely victim at the time. On the night before the 10 o'clock morning meeting in Deptford, at an unusual time for a hanging, John Penry , a man of about the same age as Marlowe, was publicly hanged two miles from Deptford for writing subversive literature, and there are no sources whatsoever what happened to the body afterwards. It seems of possible significance that William Danby was also responsible for what happened to this corpse of John Penry.
The Shakespeare Argument
In general, the supporters of the theory that Marlowe wrote the works of Shakespeare base their arguments far less on the recognized inadequacies of Shakespeare as an author (in contrast to other authorship doubters) than on how much more appropriate and plausible Christopher Marlowe would have been if he had been would have survived, since he a) was already a brilliant poet and playwright during his lifetime, b) is considered the actual creator of the so-called "Shakespeare's" blank verses and c) had the education, the intellectual contacts and the access to literature, as one would expect from Shakespeare. At the same time - with so many unanswered questions about his death - his feigned death would be a better explanatory basis than that of any other authorship candidate, both as an explanation for the necessary continuation of a life as a playwright and as a necessary explanation for having to do this under a false name. Supporters of the Marlowe Theory point out that William Shakespeare's first clear assignments to the verses and plays that bear his name came just two weeks after Marlowe's death. Shakespeare's first published work Venus and Adonis was registered with the Stationers Company on April 18, 1593, without a name or author , and appears to have gone on sale under the name Shakespeare on June 12, 1593 when a copy was first purchased:
The two Latin lines on the title page of the first printed work under the name "Shakespeare", which was also appropriated as the first heire of my invention to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton , come from the end of Ovid's 15th elegy (which depicts death sung about the poet!), which Marlowe had translated completely into English in earlier years. Supporters of the Marlowe theory argue that it becomes incomprehensible why Shakespeare begins his first literary work ( Venus and Adonis ) with the Latin inscription from a Marlowe translation about the death of the poet. On the other hand, it becomes immediately plausible for Christopher Marlowe that he was referring to his forced loss of identity by means of the lines in the elegy he translated (Death of the Poet) and thus (naturally hidden and indirect) to his first work under a new name ( first heire of my invention ) only weeks after his death on May 31, 1593. ( Strikingly, an official royal document of his death was not discovered until 332 years later (1925) more or less by chance by Leslie Hotson.) The last four lines of this elegy (which must have been well known to contemporaries, but certainly could not have been printed) were in Marlowe's English translation:
The living, not the dead, can envy bite,
For after death all men receive their right:
Then though death rakes my bones in funeral fire,
I'll live, and as he pulls me down, mount higher.
Internal evidence
Style features
The stylistic features of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare differ in several ways. Some are only statistically conspicuous (see stylometry ), others can be recognized more directly by a readership. Despite the fact that the ages of Shakespeare and Marlowe were identical, there is still no recognizable overlap between the creative and literary periods of the two people, in which both wrote or were artistically active at the same time. For followers of the Marlowe theory it remains extremely implausible that Marlowe consistently in the literature (including Brockhaus Bedeutendster playwright. Before the precursor (Shakespeare) predecessor is called) by Shakespeare. At the same time, this means that one can in no way be sure whether recognizable style differences stem from the authorship of two different authors (as assumed by literary scholarship), or whether they were written by the same person during different lifetimes.
With the analysis of (stylometric) stylistic features, for example, it is possible to identify certain characteristics typical of Shakespeare, such as special poetic techniques or the use of frequencies of certain common words. These techniques were used to prove that Marlowe could not have written Shakespeare's works.
In all cases where these dates were plotted against time, however, it turned out that Marlowe's work would fit exactly where Shakespeare's works would have ended up had he, like Christopher Marlowe, published anything before the early 1590s.
On the other hand, where style analyzes or stylometry could help to distinguish between different works or authors or to work out, i. H. to clarify whether it is not a single author, the methodology is fraught with increased doubts. This was painfully experienced by TC Mendenhall , then President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889, whose work many followers of the Marlowe theory use to support their theory.
In the case of differences that are more difficult to quantify, which arise above all in many places in terms of content, it is argued that such differences are predictable to a certain extent on the assumption that Marlowe was exposed to considerable transformations in his life, with new places of residence, experiences, Learning, interests, friends, acquaintances, a new "political agenda", new financiers, new performance rooms, new actors and possibly (not all will agree here) a new collaborator, Shakespeare himself.
Much has been interpreted into the so-called “parallelisms” of both authors. For example, when in Marlowe's “Jew from Malta” Barabas sees Abigail on a balcony above him, she says: But stay! What star shines yonder in the east? He replies: The lodestar of my life, if Abigail! . Most would recognize a resemblance to Romeo's famous saying: But soft! What light through yonder window breaks? You: It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! when she appears on the upper balcony. Such examples are many, but it seems difficult to use these idioms as an argument as it is not clear whether they occurred because they were written by a single author or because they were (consciously or unconsciously) simply copied from William Shakespeare Marlowe were taken over.
Shakespeare's sonnets
Shakespeare scholars mostly deny that the sonnets have to be seen as "biographical" in any form. Supporters of the Marlowe theory argue that this stems from the fact that - unlike the references to his first name Will or a possible play on words to Hathaway - no connections between the contents of the sonnets and events from the life of William Shakespeare can be made. This appears different with Marlowe, assuming that he survived and was exiled in disgrace. Supporters of the Marlowe theory argue that the sonnets exactly reflected the state that Marlowe experienced after his exile, i.e. H. only supposed death overtook.
In Sonnet 25, for example, an explanation would be available in the sense of this theory, why the poet unexpected things ( unlooked for ) happened, which denied him the chance to boast of public honor and proud titles and which he was "forced" to travel far, even over the sea, led (Sonnet 26-28, 34, 50-51, 61). Supporters of this theory argue that his departure was permanent (Sonnet 48) and associate his fate in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes with his outcast state (Sonnet 29) and his blots and bewailed guilt (Sonnet 36). The poet also says: made lame by fortune's dearest spite (Sonnet 37). These passages and numerous others that run through the sonnets are interpreted or valued in this context as an expression of Marlowe's feigned death and his subsequent fate in exile.
It is claimed that numerous text references in the sonnets more or less directly indicated the events of Marlowe's fake death and his change of identity at the time, for example The coward conquest of a wretches knife (Sonett 74), Aboue a mortall pitch, that struck me dead ? (Sonett 86), Which vulgar scandall stampt vpon my brow (Sonett 112), Hence, thou suborned informer! a true soul (Sonnet 125) and all these contents of the sonnets could easily be explained by Marlowe's biography, but not by Shakespeare's biography until today.
Unlike some supporters of the theory of the authorship of Bacon's followers of spending Marlowe theory generally less time in the works for hidden messages ( hidden messages ), for example in the form of acrostics , Mesosticha to search or other ciphers. Fr. Bull believes that he has discovered such a message hidden in the sonnets.
The Latin motto on Marlowe's portrait of Corpus Christi College, “What nourishes me, destroys me”, was chosen by the 21-year-old Marlowe himself as a kind of motto for life. It appears constantly in Shakespeare's works in the most diverse variations, for example in Sonnet 73:
as the death-bed whereon it must expire
Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by
Key signals in the factory
Faked or falsely assumed death, injustice, banishment and change of identity are often important "ingredients" in Shakespeare's plays. Supporters of the Marlowe theory rarely dwell on looking for parallels between Marlowe's known or predicted life on the one hand and the events of the pieces, as they argue that you can find everything in the pieces anyway if you search hard enough for them.
On the other hand, there are some places in the pieces where it is difficult to understand why certain statements were included, if (as is believed) it was not intended only for certain insiders in the first place, for example when it is in Marlowe's famous song " The passionate shepherd to his love " means:
By shallow rivers, to whose falls
Melodious birds sing madrigals
And I will make the beds of roses
And a thousand fragrant posies
and in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor (3.2) is sung by Evans:
To shallow rivers to whose falls
Melodious bird sing madrigals;
There we make our beds of roses
And a thousand fragrant posies.
so this cannot be a coincidence, but why does he mix it up with words based on Psalm 137, arguably the best-known song ever written from exile? One could also use Touchstone's words in Wie es sich wie es Like (3.3) "When a man's verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit seconded with the forward child, understanding, it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room" as a direct reference (“a tribute”) to Marlowe. A. Latham put it this way: nobody explains why Shakespeare should think that Marlowe's death by violence was material for a stage jester .
External evidence
To date, there is no unanimous evidence that Marlowe survived and did more than exert a significant influence on Shakespeare. So far, there seems to be evidence that there are various claims a) that someone could have been Marlowe after 1593, b) that hidden messages were found on Shakespeare's grave.
The two obituaries in poem form for Shakespeare in the First Folio by Hugh Holland and JM speak of an "early" death ( soone ), which means that it is not Shakespeare at the age of 52 (taking into account the average age at the time), but only the supposed early death of Marlowe could be meant.
- For though his line of life went soone about (Hugh Holland)
- WEE wondred (Shake-speare) that thou went'st so soone (JM)
Identity after 1593
Various people have been suggested to have actually later been Christopher Marlowe (who himself was believed to have died in 1593). Although it is not possible to identify all the persons described in more detail here, some examples should be mentioned, see above
- Hugh Sanford, of the Earl of Pembroke in Wilton House in Wiltshire has been located
- a Christopher Marlowe (aka John Matthews) who appeared in Valladolid around 1602 , and
- a Monsieur Le Doux, a newsman for Lord Essex who worked as a French tutor at Rutland in 1605, and apparently also
- an Englishman who died in Padua in 1627 , and whose family - with whom he lived - said of him that he was Marlowe (even if that was not necessarily the name by which he was generally known), without any definite confirmation to this day would have been obtained through this.
If Don Foster's argument is correct, that the “ getter ” of the sonnets could only have meant the poet himself, it would appear plausible to supporters of Marlowe's authorship for Shakespeare's works that Mr. WH was not a misprint, as Foster suggests, but used it Identity of Marlowe in 1609 (including the name Will ?) Apparently made sense even with these initials.
Hidden messages
At least two supporters of the theory, W. Honey and R. Ballantine, assume that the four lines on Shakespeare's tomb represent an anagram . Overall, the fact that both Honey and Ballantine came to different conclusions tends to indicate the weakness of this approach. As such, anagrams are useful for conveying hidden messages, including first or authorship claims already used by Galileo and Huygens , but which, given the number of possible answers, only seem useful if they provide confirmation of the actual Creator .
It seems strange that so many Shakespearean conspiracy theorists have spent their time searching for letter-oriented ciphers for hidden messages that they believed would use the play of words to reveal the ambiguity of contemporary poets or dramatists. In dealing with these theorists, Skakespeare scholars quoted phrases from the First Folio edition such as that of Ben Jonson , who certifies the copper engraved portrait of Droeshout that it hit Shakespeare's face well (" hath hit his face well " ), or Shakespeare called the "sweet swan" (" sweet Swan of Avon "), or the reference to the transience of the tomb (" Time dissolves thy Stratford moniment "). However, it seems possible to interpret all of these expressions in a completely different way. So could a face ( face ) according to the "Oxford English Dictionary" (10.a) some have meant very different ( to outward show; Assumed or factitious appearance, disguise, pretense ), and the importance of the Swan of Avon could not only the river the Avon that runs through Stratford , but also of Daniels Delia , in which he thinks of "Wiltshire" ( But Avon rich in fame, though poor in waters ... Shall have my song, where "Delia" hath her seat ) .
And when Leonard Digges writes “ And Time dissolves thy Stratford moniment ”, one can of course also assume that a “solution, resolution, explanation” may have been meant by time ( time will eventually “solve, resolve or explain” it ( OED 12)).
All of this can make sense when you consider that in the same way it seems possible to reinterpret the entire poem on Shakespeare's funerary monument ( Stay Passenger ... ) by inviting us to solve the puzzle of who is in this Tomb with Shakespeare is located. In response, it turns out to be "Christofer Marley," exactly as Marlowe's own name was spelled at the time.
The Calvin Hoffman Prize
Calvin Hoffman, the author of The Murder of the Man who was Shakespeare (1955), died in 1987 believing that Marlowe was the true author of Shakespeare's works. Worried that the theory would not survive him, he donated a substantial amount to the Kings School in Canterbury , which Marlowe had graduated from as a boy, for an annual award-winning treatise (£ 15,000 annually) on the subject of Shakespeare-Marlowe theory .
The trusteeship determined that the annual winner should be the one
“[…] Which in the opinion of the King's School most convincingly authoritatively and informatively examines and discusses in depth the life and works of Christopher Marlowe and the authorship of the plays and poems now commonly attributed to William Shakespeare with particular regard to the possibility that Christopher Marlowe wrote some or all of those poems and plays or made some inspirational creative or compositional contributions towards the authorship of them […] ”
The award decision should always be carried by an outstanding Shakespeare scholar. Despite Calvin Hoffman's unambiguous intentions, no essay dealing with the Marlowe theory has ever received an award. Michael Rubbo's film got a share of the 2002 award, but that year's distributor, Shakespeare researcher Jonathan Bate , chose this film more as an expression of the eccentricity of Marlowe's theory than an expression of compelling reasoning. Since then, the prize for an essay has only gone to “orthodox” Shakespeare researchers. In 2007 the award was announced for a distinguished publication on Christopher Marlowe , without even mentioning the authorship issue.
Another condition of Calvin Hoffman's original trusteeship was:
“If in any year the person adjudged to have won the Prize has in the opinion of The King's School furnished irrefutable and incontrovertible proof and evidence required to satisfy the world of Shakespearian scholarship that all the plays and poems now commonly attributed to William Shakespeare were in fact written by Christopher Marlowe then the amount of the Prize for that year shall be increased by assigning to the winner absolutely one half of the capital or corpus of the entire Trust Fund. "
After that, the amount that has now accumulated should have risen to hundreds of thousands of pounds sterling. The real request of Calvin Hoffman seems to have been completely ignored thereafter, even if a benefit undoubtedly resulted from the fact that more research activities, publications and books were invested in the subject of Marlowe Theory than might otherwise have been the case.
Web links to the Marlowe theory (selection)
English
- hem.fyristorg.com
- marlowe-society.org
- www2.prestel.co.uk
- http://www2.localaccess.com/marlowe/ ( Memento from March 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- pbs.org
- marlowe-society.org
- masoncode.com
- http://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/ ( Memento from August 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- de.youtube.com
German + English
Publications on the Marlowe theory (chronological)
- WG Zeigler: It was Marlowe: a story of the secret of three centuries . 1895. Novel-like fiction, with a foreword developing the theory.
- A. Webster: What, Marlowe the Man? . In: The National Review 1923, Vol. 82, pp. 81-86. Theory based on the sonnets.
- C. Hoffman: The Murder of the Man who was Shakespeare . 1955. First monograph on the Marlowe theory.
- David Rhys Williams: Shakespeare, Thy Name is Marlowe . 1966.
- Lewis JM Grant: Christopher Marlowe, the ghost writer of all the plays, poems and Sonnets of Shakespeare, from 1593 to 1613 . 1967.
- William Honey: The Shakespeare Epitaph Deciphered . 1969.
- William Honey: The Life, Loves and Achievements of Christopher Marlowe, aka Shakespeare . 1982.
- Louis Ule: Christopher Marlowe (1564-1609): A Biography . 1992.
- AD Wraight: The Story that the Sonnets Tell . 1994.
- AD Wraight: Shakespeare: New Evidence . 1996.
- Peter Zenner: The Shakespeare Invention . 1999.
- Alex Jack: Hamlet, by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare . 2 volumes. 2005 ( related website ( Memento from February 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive )).
- Samuel L. Blumenfeld, Marlowe-Shakespeare Connection: A New Study of the Authorship Question . McFarland, 2008. ISBN 0-7864-3902-5 .
- Daryl Pinksen, Marlowe's Ghost: The Blacklisting of the Man Who Was Shakespeare , 2008. ISBN 0-595-47514-0 .
- Bastian Conrad: issuu.com The real Shakespeare: Christopher Marlowe. To solve the centuries-old authorship debate . Buch & Media, 2013 (2nd expanded and corrected edition), ISBN 978-3-86520-374-8 .
- Hartmut Ilsemann: The dramas of Christopher Marlowe . Shakespeare Statistics. English seminar: Leibniz University Hannover. Web. September 22, 2014, shak-stat.engsem.uni-hannover.de (PDF)
Other theories about Marlowe's death (since 1992)
- Charles Nicholl: The Reckoning: the Murder of Christopher Marlowe . 1992. pp. 327-329.
- Curtis C. Breight: Surveillance, Militarism and Drama in the Elizabethan Era . 1996, p. 114.
- Paul EJ Hammer : A Reckoning Reframed: the "Murder" of Christopher Marlowe Revisited . In: English Literary Renaissance . 1996. pp. 225-242.
- JA Downie: Marlowe, facts and fictions . In: JA Downie and JT Parnell (Eds.): Constructing Christopher Marlowe . 2000. pp. 26-27.
- MJ Trow: Who Killed Kit Marlowe? A contract to murder in Elizabethan England . 2001, p. 250.
- Charles Nicholl: The Reckoning: the Murder of Christopher Marlowe . 2nd edition, 2002. pp. 415-417.
- Constance Brown Kuriyama: Christopher Marlowe, A Renaissance Life . 2002, p. 136.
- Alan Haynes: The Elizabethan Secret Services . 1952, 2004. pp. 121-122.
- David Riggs: The World of Christopher Marlowe . 2004. p. 334.
- Park Honan: Christopher Marlowe, Poet & Spy . 2005, p. 354.
References and comments
- ↑ doubtaboutwill.org
- ^ Shakespeare Authorship Debate
- ↑ prestel.co.uk ( Memento of the original from February 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ issuu.com
- ↑ der-trrue-shakespeare.com
- ↑ W. Taylor, Monthly Review, August 1819, v89, 361-62 and September 1820, v93, 61-63.
- ^ N&Q, 220-222, 1994.
- ↑ Wilbur Gleason Zeigler: It Was Marlowe: A Story of the Secret of Three Centuries. 1895 ( digitized version )
- ↑ query.nytimes.com (PDF)
- ↑ prestel.co.uk ( Memento of the original from October 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ RL Eagle: The mystery of Marlowe's death. Notes & Queries 1952.
- ↑ muchadoaboutsomething.com Much Ado About Something.
- ^ Samuel L. Blumenfeld, The Marlowe-Shakespeare-Connection. 2008
- ^ The Marlowe Ghost , 2008.
- ↑ Video Terra X: The Shakespeare Riddle (December 20, 2013, 8:30 a.m., 44:20 min.) In the ZDFmediathek , accessed on February 3, 2014.
- ↑ inquest ( memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Eugénie de Kalb: Robert Poley's Movements as a Messenger of the Court, 1588 to 1601 . The Review of English Studies, 1933.
- ↑ Frizer's pardon ( Memento of the original dated February 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ David Riggs: The World of Christopher Marlowe . Faber and Faber, 2004. p. 334.
- ↑ See the list above Downie and Kuriyama ; they are probably the only ones who believe the account to be true.
- ↑ Thus P. Honan quotes in his book Christopher Marlowe, Poet & Spy (p. 352) forensic reasons, which doubt an immediate killing by the mentioned wound ( instanter obeit ).
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↑
The original English contemporary writings that provide the background to Marlowe's extreme threat and possibly near death or simulated death are available on the Internet:
- Archived copy ( memento of the original from September 8, 2001 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( memento of the original dated February 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ See 'The Atheist Lecture' section in Peter Fareys Marlowe's Sudden and Fearful End. ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Charles Nicholl, The Reckoning (2002), pp. 138-144.
- ↑ Honan, op.cit., P. 355.
- ↑ Nicholl op. Cit. , passim.
- ↑ Honan, op. Cit. , P. 354 and Farey's Was Marlowe's Inquest Void? ( Memento of the original from November 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ See Mores Drunken Sailor or Imprisoned Writer? ( Memento from August 3, 2002 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ prestel.co.uk ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Samuel Schoenbaum William Shakespeare: A Documentary Life . 1976. p. 131.
- ↑ prestel.co.uk ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ prestel.co.uk ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ brockhaus.de ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ See, for example, Gary Taylor: The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays. P. 83. In: Stanley Wells et al. a .: A Textual Companion to their Oxford Complete Works , 1983.
- ↑ Graphic (in Appendices VII and VIII) in Chapter 8 ( Memento of the original dated December 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Peter Farey: A Deception in Deptford .
- ↑ For example, he used Richard Burbage instead of Edward Alleyn as his lead actor in the same way that Shakespeare's subject matter for The Clown changed with the departure of William Kempe and the arrival of Robert Armin .
- ↑ shine.unibas.ch
- ^ For example, see John Kerrigan: The Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint . 1986, p. 11. For a discussion of how approaches have changed over time, see also, D. Pinksen: The Origins of the Shakespeare Authorship Debate. In: Marlowe Society's Research Journal December 1 , 2004, pp. 14-27.
- ^ Archie Webster: The National Review . Vol. 82, 1923, What Marlowe the Man? ( Memento of the original from October 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Richard Levin: Another Possible Clue To the Identity of The Rival Poet . In: Shakespeare Quarterly 1985.
- ↑ Archie Webster: What Marlowe the Man? In: The National Review . Vol.LXXXII, 1923.
- ^ Daryl Pinksen, Marlowe's Ghost: The Blacklisting of the Man Who Was Shakespeare, by iUniverse, Incorporated, 2008, ISBN 978-0-595-47514-8 .
- ↑ See Peter Bull’s masoncode.com ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Shakespeare's Sonnets written by Kit Marlowe.
- ↑ In the Arden (second series) edition of As You Like It , S. xxxiii.
- ↑ See, for example, the chapter on Marlowe's Ghost in Jonathan Bate: The Genius of Shakespeare , 1997, pp. 101-132.
- ↑ shakespeare.palomar.edu ( Memento of the original dated December 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ C. Hoffmann: The Murder of the Man who Was Shakespeare. Julian Messner Inc, 1955.
- ^ Bryan Loughrey: Neil Taylor Jonson and Shakespeare At Chess? Shakespeare Quarterly 1983.
- ↑ Louis Ule: Christopher Marlowe: 1564-1609: A Biography. 1992.
- ↑ See John Baker's Marlowe Alive in 1599, 1602 and 1603 ??? !!! ( Memento of October 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ AD Wraight: Shakespeare: New Evidence , 1996, and Farey: A Deception in Deptford . ( Memento of the original from December 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Chapters 2 and 3.
- ↑ John Hunt: Christopher Marlowe .
- ^ Donald W. Foster: Master WH, RIP , Publications of the Modern Language Association of America . 1987, 102: 42-54.
- ^ William Honey: The Shakespeare Epitaph Deciphered . 1969.
- ^ Roberta Ballantine: The Shakespeare Epitaphs . http://www.geocities.com/chr_marlowe/shakespeare_epitaphs.html ( Memento from January 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ William Friedman and Elizebeth Friedman : The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined. ( Cambridge University Press , 1957), pp. 16-17.
- ↑ who, it says, with Shakespeare's death no longer has a "page" to dish up his wit , The Stratford Monument: A Riddle and its Solution. ( Memento of the original from November 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ the call ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www2.localaccess.com/marlowe/hofmnprz.htm ( Memento from October 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
