Methylophilaceae

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Methylophilaceae
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Betaproteobacteria
Order : Methylophilales
Family : Methylophilaceae
Scientific name
Methylophilaceae
Garrity et al. 2006

The Methylophilaceae form a family within the Proteobacteria and are the only family of the order Methylophilales .

They are among the methylotrophic ( s ) bacteria, which means that they are capable of molecules that direct carbon-carbon bonds to use as the sole energy source for growth and energy gain by oxidizing these compounds. Examples of such compounds are formic acid , formaldehyde , methanol , methylamine and dimethylamine .

features

Methylophilaceae cannot live without oxygen, so they are obligatory aerobic bacteria. They do not develop forms of persistence such as spores or capsules. They are Gram-negative bacteria, a second lipid membrane is superimposed on the thin murine envelope of the cell wall on the cytoplasmic membrane. Some species, such as Methylophilus methylotrophus, are motile by a polar flagella, others have no flagella (e.g. Methylophilus leisingeri ). The cells are usually rod-shaped.

The Methylophylaceae are found in fresh water, soil, and mud. By utilizing monocarbon compounds such as methanol, they play an important role in the carbon cycle.

The genome of Methylobacillus flagellatus has been completely sequenced.

Metabolism and Methylotrophy

Methylotrophic bacteria use molecules that do not contain any C – C bonds to build up their material and as a source of energy. In these monocarbon compounds there is either only one carbon atom (e.g. methanol) or, as in dimethylamine, no carbon atom is directly linked to another.

The Methylophilaceae mostly use methanol and methylamine as sources of carbon and energy. Methane, the simplest organic monocarbon compound, cannot be used by methylotrophic bacteria. Bacteria that are able to do this are placed among the methanotrophs. Examples of methanotrophs are Methylocystis and Methylosinus , both genera of the Methylocystaceae , as well as Methylococcus and Methylobacter ( Methylococcaceae ).

The Methylophilaceae oxidize the methyl groups of the respective compounds such as methanol to formaldehyde , and the electrons gained are transferred to the respiratory chain . The assimilation of carbon takes place in the Methylophilaceae via the so-called ribulose monophosphate route .

Methylophilaceae are usually obligately methylotrophic, they can only use molecules without C – C bonds for energy gain and carbon assimilation (growth). However, some strains are also capable of other compounds, such as B. to utilize various monosaccharides (simple sugars). So z. B. Methylophilus methylotrophus also works well with glucose . Other compounds that allow rather weak growth of some strains of this type are e.g. B. lactose , ethanol and propanol . The species Methylovorus glucosotrophus can also use glucose. Simple molecules such as ammonium, dimethylamine or nitrate can serve as nitrogen sources. The rod-shaped species Methylotenera mobilis can use methylamine as the only source of carbon and nitrogen at the same time.

Systematics

Both methylotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria are phylogenetically very diverse. The Methylophilaceae are assigned to the Betaproteobacteria. Other methylotrophic bacteria are found in the alpha and proteobacteria. The two families there, Methylococcaceae and Methylocystaceae, contain methanotrophic species, they can use methane and methanol as the only carbon source for the growth and structure of cellular matter. As a rule, they are obligate methanotrophic, i.e. not able to use compounds other than methane and methanol as a carbon source. B. Types of Methylocystis

Facultative methylotrophic genera that can also use monocarbon bonds, but are not dependent on them, include z. B. Xanthobacter (family Xanthobacteraceae , alpha-proteobacteria), Acetobacter (family Acetobacteraceae , gamma-proteobacteria).

Genera of the Methylophilaceae .:

swell

  1. ↑ Chistoserdova, L. et al . (2007): Genome of Methylobacillus flagellatus, Molecular Basis for Obligate Methylotrophy, and Polyphyletic Origin of Methylotrophy. In: Journal of Bacteriology 189 (7), pp. 4020-4027; PMID 17416667 ; PMC 1913398 (free full text)
  2. ↑ George M. Garrity: Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York, 2005, Vol. 2: The Proteobacteria Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria ISBN 0-387-24145-0
  3. ↑ Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer, Erko Stackebrandt (eds.) The Prokaryotes, A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria. Volume 5: Proteobacteria: Alpha and Beta Subclasses, 3rd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York et al. O., 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25495-1 (print) and ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5 (Online), doi: 10.1007 / 0-387-30743-5 .
  4. ↑ Systematics according to Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) - Methylophilaceae ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (As of August 2008) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bacterio.cict.fr

literature

  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock - Microbiology . 11th edition, Pearson Studium, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 .
  • George M. Garrity (Ed.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd edition, Volume 2: The Proteobacteria. Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteabacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-24145-0 .
  • Martin Dworkin et al. (Ed.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook of the Biology of Bacteria . Volume 2: Ecophysiology and Biochemistry. 3rd edition, Springer, New York 2006, ISBN 0-387-25492-7 .
  • Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya et al.: Methylotenera mobilis gen. Nov., Sp. nov., an obligately methylamine-utilizing bacterium within the family Methylophilaceae. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology , Volume 56, No. 12, December 2006 ( online ).